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nies must consider the ethical implications of their ai projects from the very beginning of the constitution of the company s ai strategy upstream of the development processes implement measures to prevent ethical risks such as training teams in ai ethics or setting up mechanisms to monitor and control ai systems be transparent about their ai practices and report on their efforts to comply with ethical principles despite the growing awareness of the importance of ethical aspects in the development of artificial intelligence ai and the crucial role that ai professionals play in the economy and society in 12 of the 14 countries for which data is available less than 1 of the job offers published online in 2022 concerning professionals with ai skills mentioned aspects related to ethics in ai source oecd skills outlook 2023 skills for a resilient ecological and digital transition report concrete actions taken by companies businesses can implement a range of tangible measures to incorporate ethics into their ai development strategy these measures may involve create an ai ethics manifesto that outlines the ethical principles the company is dedicated to upholding establish protocols to oversee and regulate ai systems formalize the role of chief artificial intelligence officer caio to take on the growing responsibility that ai related issues are placing on the company dividing this responsibility between the cdo or cto may become less feasible particularly if companies aim to meet these challenges as efficiently as possible conclusion integrating ethics into ai strategy is a major challenge for companies by adopting an ethical approach companies can help ensure that ai is used responsibly and for the benefit of society all experts in information technology artificial intelligence and especially in ethics as well as in esg should must help instruct and enhance companies understanding of the significance of incorporating ethics into their ai development strategy among the actions to be taken to raise companies awareness of ai ethics create educational resources such as guides articles or training courses to help companies understand the ethical challenges of ai organize events such as conferences meetup or workshops to debate the ethical challenges of ai and share best practices establish partnerships with organizations that share similar values such as human rights advocacy groups or regulatory bodies as well as schools and stakeholders from big tech who are receptive to these values i am convinced that these actions will contribute to making ethics an essential component of ai s development strategy what other measures do you think should be implemented by frederic jacquet core the four steps of regression testing this article provides a structured approach to create and update a regression test suite what kinds of tests should be in a regression test suite which regression tests should be run how do you respond to regression tests that fail and how does a regression test suite evolve these questions and other considerations are explored in a step by step manner i will first explore the basic dynamics and considerations of regression testing then i will provide a set of steps that can help bring long term software stability from regression testing nuts and bolts of regression testing let s assume that we did a couple of changes in our software code any kind of changes how can we be confident that these changes will not negatively affect our code overall one way to achieve confidence is to perform thorough regression testing write and execute tests to check and explore how our code behaves after our changes so the more tests we write and execute the more confident we will be yes but there are practical costs to be considered as well the time effort and money required to write execute and maintain a regression test suite including every test possible results in a regression test suite that is too large to manage and it s challenging to run as often as changes are made to the software if the regression tests do not finish in a timely way the development process is disrupted it is well worth throwing money at this problem in terms of additional computational resources and or new hires to execute tests at some point however the added value of adding a test may not be worth the added expenditure of the resources needed to execute it on the other hand a test suite that is too small will not cover the functionality of the software sufficiently well and too many bugs will be passed on to the users adding a small number of tests to a regression test suite is usually simple even if the marginal cost of each additional test is quite small cumulatively the test suite can become unwieldy removing tests from a regression test suite may create problems what if a customer reports a bug that one of the removed tests would have found test case selection techniques selecting the right test cases involves identifying directly and indirectly affected test cases we should know at least which features are used the most from our customers which tests cover important functionality and which tests fail often other selection techniques include linear equations symbolic execution path analysis data flow analysis program dependence graphs system dependence graphs modification analysis cluster identification slicing graph walks and modified entity analysis when it comes to choosing a selection technique it is useful to think in terms of the following criteria inclusiveness inclusiveness refers to the extent to which a regression test selection technique includes tests that are likely to expose faults introduced by recent changes to the software a technique is considered more inclusive if it effectively identifies and selects tests that cover modified or affected parts of the code inclusiveness is vital to ensure that the selected tests provide thorough coverage of the changes made since the last test cycle unsafe techniques have inclusiveness of less than 100 precision precision measures the ability of a regression test selection technique to exclude tests that are unnecessary for the current testing objectives a precise technique should minimize the inclusion of tests that do not contribute to detecting faults related to recent modifications this criterion aims to prevent over testing which can lead to longer test execution times and resource inefficiency efficiency efficiency evaluates the computational and time resources required to perform regression testing using a particular technique an efficient technique should be able to quickly identify and select the relevant subset of tests while minimizing the overall testing time this is especially crucial for large software systems with extensive test suites where faster testing cycles are desirable to support agile development practices generality generality assesses the applicability of a regression test selection technique across various software testing scenarios and domains a more general technique can be used in a wide range of practical situations without significant customization it should not be overly specialized for a specific type of software or testing context making it adaptable to different development projects in what follows the four steps of regression testing are explored we start by identifying the modified code under test the tests that need to be executed are identified followed by a step for balancing the test suite s size it s all about our test execution results how extensive did we test how fast did our tests run and how confident are we that our test results provide a true picture of the system under test software stability in the long term can follow as we get better at each of the four steps step 1 identify modified code determine the specific parts of the software that have been modified since the last regression test cycle this can be achieved through version control systems and change tracking mechanisms this step is the foundation for the subsequent regression testing steps version control and change tracking to identify modified code we can use version control systems and change tracking mechanisms version control systems like git svn or mercurial keep a historical record of changes made to the software s source code developers use these systems to commit changes along with descriptive commit messages change tracking mechanisms can also include issue tracking systems like jira or bug databases analyze commit history in a version control system we can examine the commit history to see what changes have been made to the codebase each commit typically includes information about which files were modified what lines of code were added deleted or modified and a description of the changes made by analyzing this commit history we can pinpoint the specific code that has been altered identify modified files and code sections based on the commit history we can identify the modified files and the sections of code within those files that have undergone changes this may include functions classes methods or even individual lines of code it s essential to be as granular as possible in identifying the modified code document changes it s helpful to document the nature of the changes are these modifications bug fixes new features enhancements or other types of changes understanding the nature of the changes can guide our regression testing strategy collaboration with development team collaboration between the testing and development teams is crucial during this step testers should communicate with developers to get a clear understanding of the changes and their impact on the software s functionality traceability establish traceability between the identified modified code and the corresponding requirements or user stories this helps ensure that the modifications align with the intended functionality and that our regression tests adequately cover these changes by the end of step 1 we should have a comprehensive list of the code that has been modified along with details about the changes this information serves as the basis for selecting the relevant tests in step 2 ensuring that we focus our regression testing efforts on the areas of the software that are most likely to be affected by recent modifications this targeted approach is the backbone of our regression testing s structure it is essential for efficient and effective regression testing step 2 select relevant tests once we have identified the modified code the next step is to select the relevant tests to include in our regression test suite this step is critical to ensure that we thoroughly test the changes made to the software coverage criteria the first part of this step involves evaluating coverage criteria to determine which types of tests should be included in our regression test suite coverage criteria help us define the scope of our testing efforts two common coverage criteria are node coverage or method call coverage node coverage focuses on identifying methods or functions that are never invoked in the modified code this criterion is essential for ensuring that all parts of our codebase are exercised which can help uncover dead code or unused functionality structural coverage structural coverage goes a step further by analyzing which code paths are affected by the modifications this criterion considers not only whether methods are called but also the specific execution paths within those methods techniques like statement coverage branch coverage and path coverage fall under this category it helps ensure that not only every method is invoked but also that different execution branches and scenarios are tested selection of tests for each modification identified in step 1 we need to select tests that directly or indirectly exercise the modified code directly affected tests identify the tests that directly cover the modified code these are the tests that specifically target the functions or methods that have been changed running these tests helps ensure that the modifications are working as intended and haven t introduced new bugs indirectly affected tests some changes may have ripple effects on other parts of the software indirectly affected tests are those that may not directly exercise the modified code but interact with it in some way for example if a change in one module affects the output of another module tests for the latter module should also be considered test adequacy it s crucial to assess the adequacy of our selected tests ask yourself if these tests provide sufficient coverage of the modified code consider the complexity of the changes and the potential impact on the software s behavior in some cases we may need to create new tests specifically tailored to the changes documentation keep thorough documentation of which tests are selected for each modification this documentation ensures transparency and allows for easy tracking of test coverage for different code changes by the end of step 2 we should have a well defined regression test suite that includes the necessary tests to validate the modified code effectively this focused approach to test selection ensures that our testing efforts are comprehensive helping us catch regressions and defects early in the development cycle step 3 balance test suite size while it s essential to select tests that adequately cover the modified code it s equally important to avoid including every possible test in the regression test suite managing a massive test suite can become time consuming and resource intensive the third step in regression testing can focus on managing the size of our regression test suite effectively it s essential to strike a balance between thorough testing and practicality avoid including every possible test including every conceivable test in our regression test suite is generally not feasible as our software evolves the number of tests can grow exponentially making it impractical to execute them all within a reasonable timeframe running an exhaustive set of tests could significantly slow down the testing process making it difficult to keep up with the pace of development the optimal size of our regression test suite should be determined this size can be based on factors like resources availability time constraints risks development process and prioritization available resources consider the hardware software and team members available for testing limited resources may restrict the size of our test suite time constraints be aware of project deadlines and release schedules we should aim to complete regression testing within the available time while ensuring adequate coverage risk assessment evaluate the criticality of the modified code and the potential impact of defects highly critical code changes may require more extensive testing while less critical changes can be covered with a smaller test suite development process considerations the choice of test sui...
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