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voltage regulators or overvoltage protection devices 12 starting around the 1930s general electric ge signalite and other firms made voltage regulator tubes switching element oscillator edit like other gas discharge lamps 13 the neon lamp has negative resistance its voltage falls with increasing current after the lamp reaches its breakdown voltage 10 14 15 16 therefore the lamp has hysteresis its turn off extinction voltage is lower than its turn on breakdown voltage 17 this allows it to be used as an active switching element neon lamps were used to make relaxation oscillator circuits using this mechanism sometimes referred to as the pearson anson effect 15 17 18 for low frequency applications such as flashing warning lights stroboscopes 19 tone generators in electronic organs 15 and as time bases and deflection oscillators in early cathode ray oscilloscopes 20 neon lamps can also be bistable and were even used to build digital logic circuits such as logic gates flip flop binary memories and digital counters 21 22 23 these applications were sufficiently common that manufacturers made neon lamps specifically for this use sometimes called circuit component lamps at least some of these lamps have a glow concentrated into a small spot on the cathode which made them unsuited to use as indicators to provide more repeatable lamp characteristics and reduce dark effect a rise in starting voltage observed in lamps kept in total darkness some types of lamp such as ne83 5ah include a small amount of a radioisotope to provide initial ionization 10 a variant of the ne 2 type lamp for circuit applications the ne 77 have three wire electrodes in the lamp in a plane instead of the usual two the third for use as a control electrode detector edit neon lamps have been historically used as microwave and millimeter wave detectors plasma diodes or glow discharge detectors gdds up to about 100 ghz or so and in such service were said to exhibit comparable sensitivity of the order of a few 10s to perhaps 100 microvolts to the familiar 1n23 type catwhisker contacted silicon diodes citation needed once ubiquitous in microwave equipment more recently it has been found that these lamps work well as detectors even at sub millimeter terahertz frequencies and they have been successfully used as pixels in several experimental imaging arrays at these wavelengths in these applications the lamps are operated either in starvation mode to reduce lamp current noise or in normal glow discharge mode some literature references their use as detectors of radiation up into the optical regime when operated in abnormal glow mode coupling of microwaves into the plasma may be in free space in waveguide by means of a parabolic concentrator e g winston cone or via capacitive means via a loop or dipole antenna mounted directly to the lamp although most of these applications use ordinary off the shelf dual electrode lamps in one case it was found that special three or more electrode lamps with the extra electrode acting as the coupling antenna provided even better results lower noise and higher sensitivity this discovery received a us patent 24 alphanumerical display edit main article nixie tube the digits of a nixie tube neon lamps with several shaped electrodes were used as alphanumerical displays known as nixie tubes these have since been replaced by other display devices such as light emitting diodes vacuum fluorescent displays and liquid crystal displays since at least the 1940s argon neon and phosphored glow thyratron latching indicators which would light up upon an impulse on their starter electrode and extinguish only after their anode voltage was cut were available for example as self displaying shift registers in large format crawling text dot matrix displays 25 or combined in a 4 4 four color phosphored thyratron matrix as a stackable 625 color rgba pixel for large video graphics arrays 26 multiple cathode and or anode glow thyratrons called dekatrons could count forwards and backwards while their count state was visible as a glow on one of the numbered cathodes 27 these were used as self displaying divide by n counter timer prescalers in counting instruments or as adder subtracters in calculators other edit in 1930s radio sets neon lamps were used as tuning indicators called tuneons and would give a brighter glow as the station was tuned in correctly 28 29 because of their comparatively short response time in the early development of television neon lamps were used as the light source in many mechanical scan tv displays novelty glow lamps with shaped electrodes such as flowers and leaves often coated with phosphors have been made for artistic purposes in some of these the glow that surrounds an electrode is part of the design color edit unlit and lit neon lamps ne 2 type and their light spectrum neon indicator lamps are normally orange and are frequently used with a colored filter over them to improve contrast and change their color to red or a redder orange phosphor colored neon lamps they can also be filled with argon krypton or xenon rather than neon or mixed with it while the electrical operating characteristics remain similar these lamps light with a bluish glow including some ultraviolet rather than neon s characteristic reddish orange glow ultraviolet radiation then can be used to excite a phosphor coating inside of the bulb and provide a wide range of various colors including white 30 a mixture of 95 neon 2 5 krypton and 2 5 xenon can be used for a green glow 31 but nevertheless green neon lamps are more commonly phosphor based see also edit electronics portal aerolux light corporation gas filled tube light art list of light sources magic eye tube neon sign pearson anson effect timeline of lighting technology references edit weeks mary elvira 2003 discovery of the elements third edition reprint kessinger publishing p 287 isbn 9780766138728 archived from the original on 2015 03 22 us 1125476 georges claude systems of illuminating by luminescent tubes issued 1915 01 19 claude neon lights wins injunction suit also gets rights to recover profits and damages resulting from patent infringement the new york times november 28 1928 paid access us patent 1316967 daniel mcfarlan moore gaseous conduction lamp issued 1919 09 23 assigned to general electric company 1 2 lamp inventors 1880 1940 moore lamp the smithsonian institution archived from the original on 2005 03 04 1 2 miller william g 1969 using and understanding miniature neon lamps indianapolis howard w sams co inc dougherty c r foulke t d harden j d hewitt t l peters f n smith r d tuttle j w 1966 general electric glow lamp manual 2nd ed general electric company other emitted colors such as green yellow and blue are available through secondary emission by coating the inside surface of the envelope with phosphor international light technology archived 2014 06 26 at the wayback machine thielen marcus 2006 02 10 led or neon archived from the original on 2008 04 09 retrieved 2008 12 30 1 2 3 daugherty c l tuttle j w et al 1965 g e glow lamp manual 2nd ed cleveland ohio general electric p 2 archived from the original on 2018 01 14 cafe kirt blattenberger rf july 1953 let s use neon bulbs qst magazine archived from the original on october 2 2017 retrieved october 2 2017 miller w g 1969 using and understanding miniature neon lamps archived 2017 05 17 at the wayback machine p 25 35 raju gorur govinda 2006 gaseous electronics theory and practice taylor and francis p 453 isbn 978 0849337635 archived from the original on 2014 07 08 daugherty c l tuttle j w et al 1966 g e glow lamp manual 2nd ed theory circuits ratings cleveland ohio general electric p 124 cite book cs1 maint url status link 1 2 3 bauman edward 1966 applications of neon lamps and discharge tubes usa carleton press p 18 archived from the original on 2014 04 16 dance j b 1968 cold cathode tubes london iliffe p 7 archived from the original on 2014 07 08 1 2 gottlieb irving m 1997 practical oscillator handbook elsevier pp 69 70 isbn 978 0080539386 archived from the original on 2014 07 08 ge glow lamp manual 1965 archived 2018 01 14 at the wayback machine p 14 18 burton walter e february 1948 magic with neon glow lamps popular science 152 2 new york popular science publishing co 194 196 issn 0161 7370 archived from the original on july 4 2014 retrieved april 14 2014 wahl horst d 2005 tutorial oscilloscope pdf phys4822l advanced lab experiment 11 studies of electrons with a crt prof horst d wahl physics dept florida state university archived pdf from the original on 24 september 2015 retrieved 14 april 2014 ge glow lamp manual 1965 archived 2018 01 14 at the wayback machine p 35 36 41 66 hendrix c september 1956 a study of the neon bulb as a nonlinear circuit element ire transactions on component parts 3 2 inst of electrical and electronic engineers 44 54 doi 10 1109 tcp 1956 1135748 issn 0096 2422 miller william g 1969 using and understanding miniature neon lamps pdf howard w sams pp 49 59 isbn 978 0572006693 archived pdf from the original on 17 may 2017 farhat n kopeika n 19 oct 1972 glow discharge millimeter wave detector and method of biasing same us patent 3790895 a archived from the original on 2018 01 14 philips 1968 zc1050 data sheet pdf archived pdf from the original on 12 october 2013 retrieved 10 may 2013 melz 1944 индикатор итм2 м data sheet pdf archived from the original on 12 october 2013 retrieved 9 may 2013 etl gca10g gsa10g data sheet pdf archived pdf from the original on 3 march 2016 retrieved 10 may 2013 tuneon radiomuseum archived from the original on 16 october 2015 retrieved 12 october 2015 tuneon archived 2018 01 14 at the wayback machine and tuneon button archived 2018 01 14 at the wayback machine data sheets yen william m yamamoto hajime 2007 phosphor handbook crc press p 442 isbn 978 0 8493 3564 8 archived from the original on 2018 01 14 bogard scott plasma globe colors scott bogard s e profile archived from the original on 9 may 2016 retrieved 22 april 2016 further reading edit using and understanding miniature neon lamps 1st ed william g miller sams publishing 127 pages 1969 lccn 69 16778 archive cold cathode tubes 1st ed j b dance iliffe books 125 pages 1967 archive glow lamp manual theory circuits ratings 2nd ed general electric 122 pages 1966 archive applications of neon lamps and gas discharge tubes 1st ed edward bauman carlton press 160 pages 1966 archive neon blinker saves batteries radio electronics october 1949 pg 46 47 archive external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to neon lamps neon bulb relaxation oscillator clifton laboratories neon indicator lamp datasheet archived 2017 10 02 at the wayback machine vcc visual communications company parent of chicago miniature lighting cml v t e lighting concepts accent lighting color rendering index color temperature electric light glare light fixture light pollution hawaii hong kong lightbulb socket bi pin lamp base edison screw luminous efficacy task lighting methods of generation incandescent regular edison halogen nernst luminescent cathodoluminescent electron stimulated chemiluminescent electrochemiluminescence electroluminescent field induced polymer light emitting transistor fluorescent fluorescent lamp compact fluorescent induction photoluminescent laser headlamp radioluminescence solid state led lamp combustion acetylene carbide argand campfire candle carcel diya flare gas kerosene petromax lantern fanous paper limelight luchina magnesium torch oil qulliq rushlight safety tilley torch electric arc carbon arc klieg light yablochkov candle gas discharge deuterium arc neon neon lamp plasma sulfur xenon arc xenon flash high intensity discharge hid mercury vapor metal halide ceramic hydrargyrum medium arc iodide hmi hydrargyrum quartz iodide hqi sodium vapor stationary reflector ellipsoidal reflector multifaceted reflector parabolic aluminized reflector par aviation obstruction balanced arm lamp chandelier emergency light gas lighting gooseneck lamp intelligent street lighting light tube marine aid to navigation light nightlight neon lighting pendant light recessed light sconce street light in the us torchère track lighting troffer portable bicycle lighting flashlight mechanically powered tactical glow stick headlamp outdoor lantern laser pointer navigation light searchlight solar lamp automotive automotive light bulb types daytime running lamp headlamp hidden high intensity discharge sealed beam rear position lights reversing lights safety reflector retroreflector stop lights turn signals trafficators display decorative aroma lamp blacklight bubble light christmas lights crackle tube dj lighting electroluminescent wire lava lamp marquee plasma globe strobe light theatrical cinematic floodlight footlight gobo scoop spotlight ellipsoidal reflector stage lighting instrument industrial scientific germicidal grow light infrared lamp stroboscope tanning related topics battlefield illumination bioluminescence laser light art luminous gemstones signal lamp sources reflected v t e electronic components semiconductor devices mos transistors transistor nmos pmos bicmos biofet chemical field effect transistor chemfet complementary mos cmos depletion load nmos fin field effect transistor finfet floating gate mosfet fgmos insulated gate bipolar transistor igbt isfet ldmos mos field effect transistor mosfet multi gate field effect transistor mugfet power mosfet thin film transistor tft vmos umos qfet tunnel field effect transistor tfet high electron mobility transistor hemt rf cmos native transistor other transistors bipolar junction transistor bjt darlington transistor diffused junction transistor field effect transistor fet junction gate fet jfet organic fet ofet light emitting transistor let pentode transistor point contact transistor programmable unijunction transistor put static induction transistor sit tetrode transistor nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct single electron transistor set heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt mesfet heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor hebt itfet avalanche transistor junctionless nanowire transistor jlnt schottky transistor spin transistor ballistic collection transistor ballistic deflection transistor bdt drift field transistor organic electrochemical transistor oect spacistor surface barrier transistor synaptic transistor oxide thin film transistor nomfet grown junction transistor eosfet alloy junction transistor fe fet dna field effect transistor dnafet diodes avalanche diode shockley diode selenium rectifier fast diode single photon avalanche diode spad constant current diode cld crd gunn diode varicap impatt diode metal insulator metal diode mim diode transient voltage suppression diode tvs diode laser diode ld light emitting diode led organic light emitting diode oled photodiode pin diode p n diode tunnel diode avalanche photodiode apd solar cell multi junction solar cell mj hybrid solar cell schottky junction sola...
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