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pon according to fanon families would actively listen to the static and imagine the news of nationalist victories that were surely what the french were trying to suppress he had to enter the vast network of news he had to find his way in a world in which things happened in which events existed in which forces were active through the experience of a war waged by his own people the algerian came in contact with an active community the algerian found himself having to oppose the enemy news with his own news one interpretation of this version of history is that the real hierarchical distinction the radio emphasized was not between traditional family relations such as man and woman father and child there was to be sure fanon pointed out hierarchy in algerian society but it was first and foremost between colonizers and colonized between the oppressor and the oppressed this dominant hierarchical relationship was actually what the new technology foregrounded and made even more problematic another interpretation of this situation might be that technology finds its own uses as the saying goes at first the algerian nationalists had no need of the radio if all it could tell them was the french were in charge they were already painfully aware of that information it took a while for the algerian nationalists to realise that radio previously the voice of the oppressor could instead become the voice of the independence movement or perhaps they always recognised this but it took time to organise the resources to start broadcasting for themselves either way the technology had to be re imagined and then re purposed in order for it to be adopted by the mass of the population for their own ends with the creation of a voice of fighting algeria the algerian was vitally committed to listening to the message to assimilating it and soon to acting upon it buying a radio getting down on one s knees with one s head against the speaker was no longer just wanting to get the news concerning the formidable experience in progress in the country it was hearing the first words of the nation information environments quantity or quality an interesting spin on this discussion comes from research investigating the much more recent uses of electronic communications in regime change during the revolutionary period known as the arab spring benkirane 2012 howard and hussain 2013 researchers calculated that there is a play off between the sheer amount of information available to the population on the one hand and its quality on the other a larger amount of information supports the status quo it may well be propaganda after all the nazis successfully subsidised the mass distribution of radios in the 1930s in order to promote their message but conversely higher quality information supports change telling it like it is warts and all it really is quality not quantity that matters this typology of information results in four ideal type information environments the high quantity low quality environment benefits a repressive regime plenty of information is available but it s mostly propaganda a high quantity high quality information environment promotes moves for change because it becomes easy to see that the regime isn t working in the light of this scheme what are we to make of fanon s interpretation of radio listening the farmers without radios were in an environment of low information and low quality they knew almost nothing of what the radio was telling them and if they did listen in it didn t tell them anything they recognized as worth knowing they had to resort to other media for their news in contrast the algerian family sitting around the radio listening to the static of the jamming signal were in an environment of low quantity but curiously high quality the jammed signal told them almost nothing but what it did tell them was the most important thing of all that there existed somewhere out there a signal that the colonists needed to jam all the other details were filled in by the listeners imaginations this was not the only impact of radio on the progress of algerian independence in 1961 towards the end of the algerian war a group of hardline french nationalists took over the main centres of algeria and attempted a coup inside france against president de gaulle they opposed the president because he had already established that by now the majority of both the french and algerian populations wanted algerian independence unluckily for the plotters the transistor radio had recently been invented and mass produced now the french all had portable radios as a result de gaulle s desperate and determined broadcast to the nation was heard by many many people this was to some extent an accident since de gaulle actually appeared on television although tv sets were not yet widely distributed in particular army conscripts who were not part of the coup heard it on their new portable radios this was determinative for what became known as the battle of the transistors the coup ultimately failed because the radio enabled de gaulle to connect directly with soldiers of all ranks and with the wider french population he didn t need to say much for his message to be understood it was low quantity but extremely high quality the president s key message comes in the final three seconds of a historic twenty minute speech aidez moi perhaps you will be able to consider these four quadrants of information when you next devise your important message high and low quantity high and low quality if you want things to stay the same your best strategy is to flood the channels with quantity sit coms soap operas adverts shock jock phone ins it s all endlessly the same and this is its essential value there is only one real message in this mass of repetitive material things are the same today as they were yesterday and tomorrow the same power holders will be gripping it even more tightly remember though that those seeking change will keep on looking for the quality of information they need until they find it see also baucom ian 2001 frantz fanon s radio solidarity diaspora and the tactics of listening contemporary literature 42 1 15 https doi org 10 2307 1209083 benkirane reda 2016 the alchemy of revolution the role of social networks and new media in the arab spring gcsp policy paper 7 no 1 de gaulle s broadcast 23 april 1961 fanon frantz 2016 this is the voice of algeria in fanon f ed a dying colonialism trans h chevalier new york grove press gibson nigel c 2003 fanon the postcolonial imagination key contemporary thinkers cambridge u k malden ma polity press in association with blackwell pub howard philip n and muzammil m hussain 2013 democracy s fourth wave digital media and the arab spring oxford university press stevens anne 2016 the government and politics of france london macmillan education limited on the battle of the transistors see p 80 more on social media and the arab spring posted on oct 8 2022 oct 8 2022 categories articles technology tags algeria algerian war arab spring frantz fanon french colonial empire sociology leave a comment on cultural theory communication and the power of new media four ways to assemble the evidence on climate change how it is possible to persuade people who just don t want to be persuaded the answer from a cultural theory perspective is fairly straightforward people and institutions with different cultural biases create fund support and pay attention to four very different types of evidence what matters then if you want to persuade large numbers of people is to produce and shape a variety of evidence here are some suggestions for what climate change might look like viewed four different ways just before we begin note that science communicators seem to be ridiculously bad at doing this their so called evidence and so called solutions are almost always heavily weighted towards the egalitarian version of climate change alone which is why their views are contested as we re about to show there s much more to life than egalitarianism but since that s how much of the climate discourse is presented that s where we ll start egalitarian climate change on this view you should demonstrate with science and or emotive rhetoric whichever appeals best to hearts and minds the elephant and the rider as jonathan haidt would say that our very civilization is in danger unless we change our profligate ways changing our energy sources is to be depicted as only a preliminary step to changing our values peter preston said we need an eco prophet to show us how to believe but this is emphatically wrong such egalitarian eco prophets as have arisen al gore in the us george monbiot in the uk and many others have been shot down in flames derided as extremists egalitarian authority comes most authentically not from prophets but from the masses common sense what everyone knows is what is true that s why scientific consensus is so much more important to egalitarians than it is to scientists themselves scientists themselves rather like arguing and starting feuds the reason science communicators shouldn t just bang on about deadly threats and fragility and about changing our values is that most people don t warm to these egalitarian signals for example many people are more in tune with an individualist worldview which is quite different individualist climate change from an individualist perspective you should provide information and examples on how to make a profit from climate change appealing all the while to visceral self interest if it turns out you actually can make a profit from climate change and do so better than your competitors then climate change must surely exist alternatively and inversely demonstrate concrete not hypothetical or future impacts on the bottom line of those institutions that have ignored climate change on this view scientists who make photovoltaics competitive with coal fired power stations are doing more to combat climate change than any amount of hand wringing by the likes of james hanson who is simply discounted as a crypto religious or crypto communist fanatical environmentalist a figurehead individualist expert would be someone like shi zhengrong china s first solar billionaire money doesn t lie hierarchical climate change paying attention to the hierarchical perspective you should develop and promote management theories of climate change if you can reconfigure governance to take account of climate change in ways that enhance management functions and if it makes evident sense to have a minister for climate change then climate change must certainly exist alternatively demonstrate perhaps by means of case study real and damaging governance failures of those institutions that have ignored climate change in their management structure what risks demonstrably increase when you don t have a minister for climate change or a framework for global climate change governance ideal hierarchical experts will be at or near the top of the tree it will be their status that speaks loudest if prince charles and the pope both worry about climate change who are we to argue failing the biggest guns the head of the royal society will do at a pinch unless you can find someone more senior fatalist climate change with reference to the fatalist perspective you should demonstrate the randomizing impact of climate change on the status quo fatalism thrives by enhancing and systematizing the luck of the draw and turning it into policy explicit or more often than not tacit or reward the lottery fatalists tend to say climates change with the twin implications that it was always like this and there s nothing anyone can do about it fatalist institutions tend to make a virtue of doing nothing about it and try to make sure no one else does anything about it either what not to do if you keep using only one of the four perspectives described by cultural theory your message will appeal to some people but deeply antagonise many others it will be welcomed in some social settings but shunned in others don t keep doing this because so far it hasn t worked there is nothing wrong with professing the view that in light of dangerous climate change problems what the world needs now is global governance but to expect that this will not be seen as politically inflammatory is to be naive in the extreme the global governance line works well before hierarchical audiences bureaucrats and some heads of state for instance but really badly before audiences with the other three cultural biases simply put any media release about a new piece of climate research could do with not one but four different versions each targeted at a different cultural bias a more sophisticated version of this would be to develop a communications strategy which includes interaction with all four cultural world views not just with one or two as at present a little help from aristotle but that s not quite enough prof dan kahn at the cultural cognition project has suggested that any message about science really has two channels the content itself and the cultural meaning attached to that content he rightly suggests communicators need to be aware of both but his model reminded me of aristotle who thought there were three not just two channels of communication in presenting an argument aristotle s classic rhetorical concepts of ethos pathos and logos still have a great deal to contribute gottweis in fisher miller and sidney 2007 237 250 too many presentations rely almost exclusively on logos the actual ideas and concepts the contents of the presentation this is certainly important but in some ways overshadowed by the other two pathos refers to the emotions evoked and ethos refers to the character of the person delivering the message these are both highly important but often underused the implication of cultural theory is that all three ethos pathos and logos are configured according to the main cultural biases an egalitarian logos for example may work best when it is supported by egalitarian pathos and egalitarian ethos on the other hand a speaker trying to appeal to an individualist audience may keep some of the egalitarian logos while appealing to an individualist pathos and using an individualist ethos more reading the dark side of cultural theory edit changed the title of this post from make up to assemble see the discussion in the comments and edited 16th october 2023 to link the egalitarian and individualist sections a bit more clearly posted on apr 4 2022 oct 16 2023 categories articles climate change cultural theory grid group science tags climate change 2 comments on four ways to assemble the evidence on climate change why are people so conflicted about the right response to the pandemic is there a cultural theory perspective on the covid pandemic of 2020 21 of course there is davy benjamin social distancing and cultural bias on the spatiality of covid 19 journal of the american planning association 87 no 2 2021 159 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