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description= Break down how diffusion models work, what makes them powerful for image generation, and where they re being applied across industries today.;
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t higher resolutions than the original dall e as of september 28 2022 dall e 2 is open to the public on the openai website with a limited number of free images and additional images available for purchase imagen is google s may 2022 version of a text to image diffusion model which is not available to the public stable diffusion in august 2022 stability ai released stable diffusion an open source diffusion model similar to dall e 2 and imagen stability ai s released open source code and model weights opening up the models to the entire ai community stable diffusion was trained on an open dataset using the 2 billion english label subset of the clip filtered image text pairs open dataset laion 5b a general crawl of the internet created by the german charity laion midjourney is another diffusion model released in july 2022 and available via api and a discord bot simply put diffusion models are generative tools that enable users to create almost any image they can imagine diffusion models why are they important diffusion models represent that zenith of generative capabilities today however these models stand on the shoulders of giants owing their success to over a decade of advancements in machine learning techniques the widespread availability of massive amounts of image data and improved hardware for some context below is a brief outline of significant machine learning developments in 2009 at cvpr the seminal imagenet paper and dataset were released which contained over 14 million hand annotated images this dataset was massive at the time and it remains relevant to researchers and businesses building models today in 2014 gans were introduced by ian goodfellow establishing powerful generative capabilities for machine learning models in 2018 llm s hit the scene with the original gpt release followed shortly by its successors gpt 2 and the current gpt 3 which have text generation capabilities in 2020 nerfs allowed the world to produce 3d objects from a series of images and known camera poses over the past few years diffusion models have continued this evolution giving us even more powerful generative capabilities what about diffusion models makes them so strikingly different from their predecessors the most apparent answer is their ability to generate highly realistic imagery and match the distribution of real images better than gans also diffusion models are more stable than gans which are subject to mode collapse where they only represent a few modes of the true distribution of data after training this mode collapse means that in the extreme case only a single image would be returned for any prompt though the issue is not quite as extreme in practice diffusion models avoid the problem as the diffusion process smooths out the distribution resulting in diffusion models having more diversity in imagery than gans diffusion models also can be conditioned on a wide variety of inputs such as text for text to image generation bounding boxes for layout to image generation masked images for inpainting and lower resolution images for super resolution the applications for diffusion models are vast and the practical uses of these models are still evolving these models will greatly impact retail and ecommerce entertainment social media ar vr marketing and more getting started with diffusion models web applications such open ai s dall e 2 and stable diffusion s dreamstudio make diffusion models readily available these tools provide a quick and easy way for beginners to start with diffusion models allowing you to generate images with prompts and perform inpainting and outpainting dreamstudio offers more control over the output parameters while dall e 2 s interface is simpler with fewer frills each platform provides free credits to new users but will charge a usage fee once those credits are depleted dreamstudio dreamstudio from stability ai is a quick way for users to experience stable diffusion without worrying about the infrastructure details there is tooling for image generation inpainting and outpainting uniquely the interface enables users to specify a random seed providing the ability to traverse the latent space while holding a prompt fixed more to come on this later new users get 200 free credits dall e 2 openai recently announced that dall e 2 is now generally available to all users coming out of its previously closed beta dall e 2 provides a simple user interface without many frills to generate images inpainting and outpainting local installation stability ai broke headlines when it announced that it was open sourcing both the model weights and source code for its diffusion model stable diffusion you can download and install stable diffusion on your local computer and integrate its capabilities into applications and workflows other models such as dall e 2 are currently only available via api or web app as their models are not open source like stable diffusion you can also search through a wide array of curated images on aggregation sites like lexica art which provides an even easier way to get started and get inspired by what the broader community has been creating and learn how to build better prompts diffusion model prompt engineering prompts are how you can control the outputs for diffusion models diffusion models are verbose and take two primary inputs and translate these into a fixed point in its model s latent space a seed integer and a text prompt the seed integer is generally automatically generated and the user provides the text prompt continuous experimentation via prompt engineering is critical to getting the perfect outcomes we explored dall e 2 and stable diffusion and have consolidated our best tips and tricks to getting the most out of your prompts including prompt length artistic style and key terms to help you sculpt the images you want to generate how to prompt in general there are three main components to a prompt frame subject style an optional seed 1 frame the frame of an image is the type of image to be generated this is combined with the style later in the prompt to provide an overall look and feel of the image examples of frames include photograph digital illustration oil painting pencil drawing one line drawing and matte painting the following examples are modified versions of the base prompt painting of a person in a grocery store in the frame of an oil painting a digital illustration a realistic photo and a 3d cartoon diffusion models typically default to a picture frame if not specified though this is dependent on the subject matter by specifying a frame of an image you control the output directly by modifying the frame to polaroid you can mimic the output of a polaroid camera complete with large white borders pencil drawings can be produced as well and as already covered different painting techniques can be applied frames provide a rough guide for the output type the diffusion model should generate but in order to create remarkable images a good subject and refined style should also be added to your prompts we will cover subjects next and then detail tips and tricks for combining frames subjects and styles to fine tune your images 2 subject the main subject for generated images can be anything you can dream up diffusion models are built largely from publicly available internet data and are able to produce highly accurate images of objects that exist in the real world however diffusion models often struggle with compositionality so ideally limiting your prompts to one to two subjects is best sticking to one or two subjects produces generally good results for example chef chopping carrots on a cutting board even though there is some confusion here with a knife chopping another knife there are chopped carrots in the scene which is generally close to the original prompt however expanding to more than two subjects can produce unreliable and sometimes humorous results diffusion models tend to fuse two subjects into a single subject if the subjects are less common for example the prompt a giraffe and an elephant yields a giraffe elephant hybrid rather than a single giraffe and a single elephant interestingly there are often two animals in the scene but each is typically a hybrid some attempts to prevent this including adding in a preposition like beside have mixed results but are closer to the original intent of the prompt this issue appears subject dependent as a more popular pair of animals such as a dog and a cat generates distinct animals without a problem 3 style the style of an image has several facets key ones being the lighting the theme the art influence or the period details such as beautifully lit modern cinema or surrealist will all influence the final output of the image referring back to the prompt of chefs chopping carrots we can influence this simple image by applying new styles here we see a modern film look applied to the frames of oil painting and picture the tone of the images can be shaped by a style here we see spooky lighting you can fine tune the look of the resulting images by slightly modifying the style we start with a blank slate of a house in a suburban neighborhood by adding beautifully lit surrealist art we get much more dynamic and intense images tweaking this we can get a spooky theme to the images by replacing beautifully lit with the phrase spooky scary apply this to a different frame to get the desired output here we see the same prompt with the frame of an oil painting we can then alter the tone to happy light and see the dramatic difference in the output you can change the art style to further refine the images in this case switching from surrealist art to art nouveau as another demonstration of how the frame influences the output here we switch to watercolor with the same style different seasons can be applied to images to influence the setting and tone of the image there is a near infinite variety of combinations of frames and styles and we only scratch the surface here artists can be used to fine tune your prompts as well the following are versions of the same prompt person shopping at a grocery store styled to look like works of art from famous historic painters by applying different styles and frames along with an artist you can create novel artwork start with a base prompt of painting of a human cyborg in a city artist 8k highly detailed while the subject is a bit unorthodox for this group each painting fits the expected style profile of each artist we can alter the style by modifying the tone in this case to muted tones you can further alter the output by modifying both the frame and the tone to get unique results in this case a frame of a 3d model painting with neon tones adding the qualifier the most beautiful image you ve ever seen yields eye catching results and depictions such as 3d model paintings yield unique novel works of art by modifying the frame and style of the image you can yield some amazing and novel results try different combinations of style modifiers including dramatic lighting or washed colors in addition to the examples that we provided to fine tune your concepts further we hardly scratched the surface in this guide and look forward to amazing new creations from the community 4 seed a combination of the same seed same prompt and same version of stable diffusion will always result in the same image if you are getting different images for the same prompt it is likely caused by using a random seed instead of a fixed seed for example bright orange tennis shoes realistic lighting e commerce website can be varied by modifying the value of the random seed changing any of these values will result in a different image you can hold the prompt or seed in place and traverse the latent space by changing the other variable this method provides a deterministic way to find similar images and vary the images slightly varying the prompt to bright blue suede dress shoes realistic lighting e commerce website and holding the seed in place at 3732591490 produces results with similar compositions but matching the desired prompt and again holding that prompt in place and traversing the latent space by changing the seed produces different variations to summarize a good way to structure your prompts is to include the elements of frame main subject style type modifiers or a frame type of a main subject style example and an optional seed the order of these exact phrases may alter your outcome so if you are looking for a particular result it is best to experiment with all of these values until you are satisfied with the result 4 prompt length generally prompts should be just as verbose as you need them to be to get the desired result it is best to start with a simple prompt to experiment with the results returned and then refine your prompts extending the length as needed however many fine tuned prompts already exist that should be reused or modified modifiers such as ultra realistic octane render and unreal engine tend to help refine the quality of images as you can see in some of the examples below a female daytrader with glasses in a clean home office at her computer working looking out the window ultra realistic concept art intricate details serious highly detailed photorealistic octane render 8 k unreal engine portrait photo of a man staring serious eyes with green purple and pink facepaint 50mm portrait photography hard rim lighting photography beta ar 2 3 beta upbeta extremely detailed wide angle photograph atmospheric night reflections award winning contemporary modern interior design apartment living room cozy and calm fabrics and textiles geometric wood carvings colorful accents reflective brass and copper decorations reading nook many light sources lamps oiled hardwood floors color sorted book shelves couch tv desk plants hyperrealistic and heavy detailed fashion week runway show in the year 2050 leica sl2 50mm vivid color high quality high textured real life full body cyberpunk style sculpture of a young handsome colombian prince half android with a chest opening exposing circuitry and electric sparks glowing pink eyes crown of blue flowers flowing salmon colored silk fabric raptors baroque elements full length view baroque element intricate artwork by caravaggio many many birds birds on background trending on artstation octane render cinematic lighting from the right hyper realism octane render 8k depth of field 3d architectural illustration of an awesome sunny day environment concept art on a cliff architecture by kengo kuma with village residential area mixed development high rise made up staircases balconies full of clear glass facades cgsociety fantastic realism artstation hq cinematic volumetric lighting vray 5 additional tips a few additional items are worth mentioning placing the primary subject of the image closer to the beginning of the prompt tends to ensure that subject is included in the image for instance compare the two prompts a city s...
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