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rished there were attempts to harness steam power to mechanical computation machines 1761 abbe delaborde constructed a clavecin electrique paris france benjamin franklin perfected the glass harmonica maelzel inventor of the metronome and friend of beethoven invented the panharmonicon a keyboard instrument 1787 mozart composed the musikalisches wurfelspiel musical dice game this composition was a series of precomposed measures arranged in random eight bar phrases to build the composition each throw of a pair of dice represented an individual measure so after eight throws the first phrase was determined 1796 carillons a sliver of steel shaped polished tempered and then screwed into position so that the projections on a rotating cylinder could pluck at its free extremity were invented 1830 robert schumann composer the abegg variations op 1 this composition was named for one of his girlfriends the principal theme is based on the letters of her name a b e g g this was a later application of a soggetto cavato technique 1832 samuel morse invented the telegraph 1833 34 charles babbage a british scientist builds the difference enginer a large mechanical computer in 1834 he imagines the analytical engine a machine that was never realized ada lovelace daughter of lord byron assisted in the documentation of these fantastic devices 1835 schumann composed the carnaval pieces op 9 twenty one short pieces for piano each piece is based on a different character 1850 d d parmelee patented the first key driven adding machine 1859 david e hughes invented a typewriting telegraph utilizing a piano like keyboard to activate the mechanism 1863 hermann helmholtz wrote the book on the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music historically this book was one of the foundations of modern acoustics this book completed the earlier work of joseph sauveur 1867 hipps invented the electromechanical piano in neuchatel switzerland he was the director of the telegraph factory there 1876 elisha gray an inventor of a telephone along with bell invented the electroharmonic or electromusical piano this instrument transmitted musical tones over wires koenig s tonametric was invented this instrument divided four octaves into 670 equal parts this was an early instrument that made use of microtuning 1877 thomas edison 1847 1931 invented the phonograph to record an indentation on a moving strip of paraffin coated paper tape was made by means of a diaphragm with an attached needle this mechanism eventually lead to a continuously grooved revolving metal cylinder wrapped in tin foil emile berliner 1851 1929 developed and patented the cylindrical and disc phonograph system simultaneously with edison dorr e felti perfected a calculator with key driven ratchet wheels which could be moved by one or more teeth at a time 1880 alexander graham bell 1847 1922 financed his own laboratory in washington d c together with charles s tainter bell devised and patented several means for transmitting and recording sound 1895 julian carillo s theories of microtones 96 tone scale constructed instruments to reproduce divisions as small as a sixteenth tone he demonstrated his instruments in new york 1926 the instruments included an octavina for eighth tones and an arpa citera for sixteenth tones there are several recordings of carillo s music especially the string quartets 1897 e s votey invented the pianola an instrument that used a pre punched perforated paper roll moved over a capillary bridge the holes in the paper corresponded to 88 openings in the board 1898 valdemar poulson 1869 1942 patented his telegraphone the first magnetic recording machine 1906 thaddeus cahill invented the dynamophone a machine that produced music by an alternating current running dynamos this was the first additive synthesis device the dynamophone was also known as the telharmonium the instrument weighed over 200 tons and was designed to transmit sound over telephone wires however the wires were too delicate for all the signals you can sort of consider him the father of muzak the generators produced pure tones of various frequencies and intensity volume control supplied dynamics articles appeared in mcclure s magazine that stated democracy in music the musician uses keys and stops to build up voices of flute or clarinet as the artist uses his brushes for mixing color to obtain a certain hue it may revolutionize our musical art lee de forest 1873 1961 invented the triode or audion tube the first vacuum tube 1907 ferruccio busoni 1866 1924 believed that the current musical system was severely limited so he stated that instrumental music was dead his treatise on aesthetics sketch of a new music discussed the future of music 1910 the first radio broadcast in nyc first radio station was built in 1920 also in nyc 1912 the italian futurist movement was founded by luigi russolo 1885 1947 a painter and filippo marinetti a poet marinetti wrote the manifesto musica futurista the futurist movement s creed was to present the musical soul of the masses of the great factories of the railways of the transatlantic liners of the battleships of the automobiles and airplanes to add to the great central themes of the musical poem the domain of the machines and the victorious kingdom of electricity henry cowell 1897 1965 introduced tone clusters in piano music the banshee and aeolian harp are good examples 1914 the first concert of futurist music took place the art of noises concert was presented by marinetti and russolo in milan italy 1920 lev leon theremin russia invented the aetherophone later called the theremin or thereminovox the instrument used 2 vacuum tube oscillators to produce beat notes musical sounds were created by heterodyning from oscillators which varied pitch a circuit was altered by changing the distance between 2 elements the instrument had a radio antenna to control dynamics and a rod sticking out the side that controlled pitch the performer would move his her hand along the rod to change pitch while simultaneously moving his her other hand in proximity to the antenna many composers used this instrument including varese 1922 darius milhaud b 1892 experimented with vocal transformation by phonograph speed changes ottorino respighi 1879 1936 called for a phonograph recording of nightingales in his pini di roma pines of rome 1926 jorg mager built an electronic instrument the spharophon the instrument was first presented at the donaueschingen festival rimsky korsakov composed some experimental works for this instrument mager later developed a partiturophon and a kaleidophon both used in theatrical productions all of these instruments were destroyed in w w ii george antheil 1900 1959 composed ballet mechanique antheil was an expatriate american living in france the work was scored for pianos xylophones pianola doorbells and an airplane propeller 1928 maurice martenot b 1928 france built the ondes martenot first called the ondes musicales the instrument used the same basic idea as the theremin but instead of a radio antenna it utilized a moveable electrode was used to produce capacitance variants performers wore a ring that passed over the keyboard the instrument used subtractive synthesis composers such as honegger messiaen milhaud dutilleux and varese all composed for the instrument friedrich trautwein 1888 1956 germany built the trautonium composers such as hindemith richard strauss and varese wrote for it although no recordings can be found 1929 laurens hammond b 1895 usa built instruments such as the hammond organ novachord solovox and reverb devices in the united states the hammond organ used 91 rotary electromagnetic disk generators driven by a synchronous motor with associated gears and tone wheels it used additive synthesis 1931 ruth crawford seeger s string quartet 1931 was composed this is one of the first works to employ extended serialism a systematic organization of pitch rhythm dynamics and articulation henry cowell worked with leon theremin to build the rhythmicon an instrument which could play metrical combinations of virtually unlimited complexity with this instrument cowell composed the rhythmicana concerto jorg mager germany was commissioned to create electronic bell sounds for the bayreuth production of parsifal 1935 allegemeine elektrizitats gesellschaft aeg built and demonstrated the first magnetophon tape recorder 1937 war of the worlds was directed by orson welles welles was the first director to use the fade and dissolve technique first seen in citizen kane to date most film directors used blunt splices instead electrochord the electroacoustic piano was built 1938 novachord built 1939 stream of consciousness films came about john cage 1912 1992 began experimenting with indeterminacy in his composition imaginary landscape no 1 multiple performers are asked to perform on multiple record players changing the variable speed settings 1930s plastic audio tape was developed the sonorous cross an instrument like a theremin was built 1941 joseph schillinger wrote the the schillinger system of musical composition this book offered prescriptions for composition rhythms pitches harmonies etc schilllinger s principal students was george gershwin and glenn miller the ondioline was built 1944 percy grainger and burnett cross patented a machine that freed music from the constraints of conventional tuning systems and rhythmic inadequacies of human performers mechanical invention for composing free music used eight oscillators and synchronizing equipment in conjunction with photo sensitive graph paper with the intention that the projected notation could be converted into sound 1947 bell labs developed and produced the solid state transistor milton babbitt s three compositions for piano serialized all aspects of pitch rhythm dynamics and articulation the solovox and the clavioline were built 1948 john scott trotter built a composition machine for popular music hugh lecaine canada built the electronic sakbutt an instrument that actually sounded like a cello pierre schaeffer b 1910 a sound technician working at radio diffusion television francaise rtf in paris produced several short studies in what he called musique concrete october 1948 schaeffer s early studies were broadcast in a concert of noises joseph schillinger wrote the mathematical basis of the arts 1949 pierre schaeffer and engineer jacques poullin worked on experiments in sound which they titled musique concrete 1949 50 schaeffer and henry 1927 96 along with poullin composed symphonie pour un homme seul symphony for a man alone the work actually premiered march 18 1950 olivier messiaen composed his mode de valeurs et d intensities mode of durations and intensities a piano composition that established scales not only of pitch but also of duration loudness and attack the melochord was invented by h bode 1940s the following instruments were built the electronium pi actually used by a few german composers including brehme degen and jacobi the multimonica the polychord organ the tuttivox the marshall organ and other small electric organs 1950 the milan studio was established by luciano berio b 1925 italy 1951 clara rockmore performed on the theremin in worldwide concerts variations on a door and a sigh was composed by pierre henry the rtf studio was formally established as the groupe de musique concrete the group opened itself to other composers including messiaen and his pupils pierre boulez karlheinz stockhausen and george barraque boulez and stockhausen left soon after because schaeffer was not interested in using electronically generated sounds but rather wanted to do everything based on recordings john cage s use of indeterminacy culminated with music of changes a work based on the charts from the i ching the chinese book of oracles structures book ia was one of pierre boulez earliest attempts at employing a small amount of musical material called cells whether for use as pitches durations dynamics or attack points in a highly serialized structure 1951 53 eimert and beyer b 1901 produced the first compositions using electronically generated pitches the pieces used a mechanized device that produced melodies based on markov analysis of stephen foster tunes 1952 the cologne station of nordwestdeutscher rundfunk later westdeutscher rundfunk was founded by herbert eimert he was soon joined by stockhausen and they set out to create what they called elektronische musik john cage s 4 33 was composed the composer was trying to liberate the performer and the composer from having to make any conscious decisions therefore the only sounds in this piece are those produce by the audience 1953robert beyer werner meyer eppler b 1913 and eimert began experimenting with electronically generated sounds eimert and meyer eppler taught at darmstadt summer school germany and gave presentations in paris as well louis and bebe baron set up a private studio in new york and provided soundtracks for sci fi films like forbidden planet 1956 and atlantis that used electronic sound scores otto luening b 1900 usa d 1996 usa and vladimir ussachevsky b 1911 manchuria d 1990 usa present first concert at the museum of modern art in new york october 28 the program included ussachevsky s sonic contours created from piano recordings and luening s fantasy in space using flute recordings following the concert they were asked to be on the today show with dave garroway musicians local 802 raised a fuss because luening and ussachevsky were not members of the musicians union 1953 4 karlheinz stockhausen b 1928 used helmholtz research as the basis of his studie i and studie ii he tried to build increasingly complex synthesized sounds from simple pure frequencies sine waves 1954 the cologne radio series music of our time october 19 used only electronically generated sounds by stockhausen eimert pousseur etc the pieces used strict serial techniques dripsody was composed by hugh lecaine the single sound source for this concrete piece is a drip of water 1955 harry olson and belar both working for rca invent the electronic music synthesizer aka the olson belar sound synthesizer this synth used sawtooth waves that were filtered for other types of timbres the user programmed the synthesizer with a typewriter like keyboard that punched commands into a 40 channel paper tape using binary code the columbia princeton studio started with its beginnings mostly in the living room of ussachevsky and then the apartment of luening lejaren hiller 1924 92 and leonard isaacson from the university of illinois composed the illiac string quartet the first piece of computer generated music the piece was so named because it used a univac computer and was composed at the university of illinois 1955 56 karlheinz stockhausen composed gesang der junglinge this work used both concrete recordings of boys voices and synthesized sounds the original version was composed for five loudspeakers but wa...
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