Meta tags:
description= Prophets of Post-Feminism;
Headings (most frequently used words):
of, the, post, navigation, posts, collapse, man, random, fast, forward, touching, base, strictly, for, hardcore, aspergoids, reactionary, detournement, scale, problems, with, dominant, reaction, behavior, genetics, and, selected, life, history, strategy, command, others, status, observations, twitter, recommended, reading, top, pages, blogroll, recent, prophets, feminism,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (387), and (217), that (120), this (78), life (65), for (57), #history (56), with (54), strategy (53), you (50), which (48), are (43), traits (37), but (32), their (31), they (29), can (27), rushton (26), not (24), from (24), have (23), more (23), these (23), than (20), between (20), biological (19), mating (19), theory (18), there (18), was (18), them (18), only (17), most (17), figueredo (17), factor (17), all (16), heritability (16), environment (16), any (15), his (15), variation (15), one (14), who (14), because (14), will (14), strategies (14), like (13), both (13), when (13), out (13), has (13), human (13), genes (13), selected (12), other (12), order (12), what (12), individual (12), number (12), differences (12), may (12), genetic (12), were (12), species (12), genetics (11), time (11), society (11), world (11), being (11), total (11), your (11), long (11), work (11), about (11), low (11), physiological (11), been (11), man (10), sexual (10), uncategorized (10), posted (10), its (10), social (10), around (10), age (10), seem (10), seems (10), some (10), good (10), influence (10), environmental (10), greater (10), selection (10), think (9), believe (9), individuals (9), 2005 (9), menarche (9), evolutionary (9), twinning (9), population (9), behavioral (9), response (9), within (9), evidence (9), rates (9), high (9), men (8), complex (8), people (8), could (8), take (8), reality (8), women (8), study (8), nature (8), dizygotic (8), subject (8), just (8), environments (8), argument (8), events (8), basis (8), effort (8), into (8), comment (7), comments (7), collapse (7), two (7), requires (7), self (7), humans (7), while (7), live (7), state (7), level (7), means (7), girls (7), anyone (7), whether (7), themselves (7), naturally (7), higher (7), power (7), towards (7), reproduction (7), personality (7), however (7), role (7), each (7), ovulation (7), way (7), terms (7), natural (7), attachment (7), non (7), pursue (7), status (6), behavior (6), central (6), without (6), different (6), want (6), exist (6), sex (6), future (6), through (6), over (6), first (6), manosphere (6), group (6), writing (6), wilson (6), term (6), suggests (6), strong (6), would (6), sense (6), consistent (6), per (6), relevant (6), factors (6), relationship (6), father (6), fact (6), adaptation (6), capacity (6), tend (6), found (6), associated (6), density (6), how (6), aberration (6), find (6), she (6), wordpress (5), com (5), now (5), blog (5), reading (5), post (5), every (5), those (5), thought (5), off (5), else (5), right (5), day (5), real (5), down (5), political (5), everyone (5), follow (5), rather (5), reason (5), experience (5), female (5), does (5), american (5), few (5), twins (5), macarthur (5), 2004 (5), economic (5), investment (5), new (5), parental (5), common (5), produced (5), ancestral (5), gene (5), examined (5), correlated (5), question (5), consistently (5), assumption (5), latent (5), racial (5), point (5), maturity (5), lower (5), had (5), reproductive (5), where (5), success (5), did (5), interested (5), very (5), before (5), started (4), website (4), free (4), reactionary (4), posts (4), rational (4), others (4), reaction (4), economy (4), must (4), process (4), direct (4), great (4), weekend (4), class (4), same (4), our (4), family (4), emotional (4), trust (4), look (4), years (4), figure (4), still (4), concept (4), little (4), itself (4), comes (4), explanation (4), approach (4), timing (4), pubertal (4), century (4), significant (4), civilization (4), ever (4), surrounding (4), ultimately (4), belief (4), underlying (4), interaction (4), make (4), genetically (4), certainly (4), responsible (4), degree (4), strongly (4), indicators (4), deal (4), earlier (4), race (4), intra (4), should (4), risk (4), say (4), differing (4), survival (4), best (4), issue (4), resources (4), end (4), understood (4), start (4), capitalism (4), half (4), moldbug (4), system (4), use (4), leave (4), abstract (4), girl (4), left (4), get (3), bar (3), log (3), account (3), create (3), detournement (3), strictly (3), hardcore (3), aspergoids (3), touching (3), base (3), fast (3), forward (3), random (3), second (3), male (3), outside (3), observations (3), extreme (3), brain (3), culture (3), worlds (3), require (3), opposite (3), animal (3), anxiety (3), function (3), king (3), become (3), lives (3), mandatory (3), completely (3), room (3), crew (3), legitimate (3), doubt (3), eye (3), exists (3), later (3), leadership (3), someone (3), direction (3), consciousness (3), mind (3), greatest (3), then (3), focus (3), psychology (3), authority (3), another (3), after (3), case (3), children (3), far (3), genuinely (3), submissive (3), interest (3), nobody (3), turkheimer (3), review (3), 1977 (3), data (3), wide (3), 1967 (3), university (3), vasquez (3), brumbach (3), biology (3), parenting (3), emphasis (3), industrial (3), well (3), obvious (3), populations (3), show (3), birth (3), rate (3), size (3), remains (3), verify (3), sexuality (3), likely (3), capable (3), explain (3), underlie (3), decisions (3), product (3), predilection (3), additive (3), bears (3), determining (3), beyond (3), substantial (3), adapt (3), studies (3), confirm (3), short (3), done (3), ages (3), thus (3), variable (3), identify (3), litter (3), correlation (3), establishing (3), argue (3), estimate (3), controversy (3), points (3), groups (3), latter (3), certain (3), attributed (3), forms (3), nonetheless (3), produce (3), play (3), likelihood (3), quality (3), various (3), taking (3), childhood (3), influencing (3), energy (3), made (3), accounts (3), consider (3), much (3), along (3), actual (3), qualities (3), ability (3), year (3), really (3), game (3), clearly (3), neoreactionary (3), justice (3), fairly (3), reactionaries (3), values (3), positions (3), tell (3), opposed (3), citizens (3), policies (3), own (3), probably (3), come (3), middle (3), aug (3), her (3), site (2), name (2), required (2), write (2), view (2), sign (2), subscribed (2), subscribe (2), recent (2), command (2), problems (2), dominant (2), scale (2), labor (2), older (2), navigation (2), contemporary (2), absence (2), reflection (2), logical (2), complexity (2), smaller (2), organization (2), don (2), continue (2), participation (2), working (2), week (2), wants (2), read (2), ground (2), dollar (2), hand (2), nation (2), america (2), evolved (2), city (2), tribe (2), breaks (2), organizing (2), unit (2), awareness (2), external (2), fear (2), contact (2), casual (2), cannot (2), idea (2), clarity (2), offer (2), used (2), thoughts (2), feb (2), requirements (2), 100 (2), against (2), conditions (2), job (2), emotions (2), need (2), questioning (2), yourself (2), piece (2), analyzing (2), understanding (2), valuable (2), subjective (2), looks (2), often (2), less (2), submit (2), understand (2), even (2), levels (2), dominance (2), mean (2), person (2), away (2), manipulation (2), submission (2), truth (2), shit (2), mar (2), 1998 (2), psychological (2), towne (2), czerwinski (2), demerath (2), blangero (2), roche (2), siervogel (2), journal (2), tal (2), frias (2), armenta (2), corral (2), verdugo (2), 2006 (2), stearns (2), painter (2), willemsen (2), nyholt (2), hoekstra (2), duffy (2), henders (2), wallace (2), healey (2), 2010 (2), linkage (2), families (2), mothers (2), princeton (2), press (2), hagenah (2), sefcek (2), kirsner (2), jacobs (2), ellis (2), maturation (2), buss (2), shackleford (2), 2008 (2), commitment (2), bulmer (2), anderson (2), thomas (2), 1973 (2), white (2), growth (2), works (2), played (2), production (2), due (2), developing (2), collective (2), increasingly (2), oriented (2), conclusion (2), plays (2), historical (2), falls (2), across (2), generations (2), massachusetts (2), today (2), indicative (2), inborn (2), behind (2), potential (2), affect (2), gestation (2), revelation (2), exactly (2), decision (2), making (2), predictors (2), ignoring (2), considers (2), familial (2), stress (2), similarly (2), support (2), fails (2), address (2), covary (2), holds (2), link (2), together (2), minorities (2), reasoning (2), example (2), akin (2), trait (2), actually (2), estimates (2), fall (2), developments (2), pays (2), difficult (2), categories (2), born (2), give (2), fewer (2), provides (2), research (2), times (2), conducted (2), despite (2), having (2), type (2), differential (2), suggest (2), increased (2), turns (2), specific (2), upon (2), suites (2), largely (2), heritable (2), interesting (2), covariance (2), accounted (2), loaded (2), moreover (2), psychosocial (2), development (2), given (2), continued (2), path (2), moderate (2), considered (2), single (2), suite (2), attitudes (2), machiavellianism (2), adult (2), romantic (2), functional (2), referred (2), large (2), particular (2), eysenck (2), friedman (2), 1993 (2), composites (2), appear (2), facilitate (2), either (2), abilities (2), searching (2), attempts (2), favor (2), amount (2), extremes (2), devoted (2), develop (2), temporary (2), mortality (2), habitats (2), evolve (2), permanently (2), include (2), dependent (2), better (2), offspring (2), variations (2), instability (2), carrying (2), organisms (2), young (2), inter (2), value (2), studying (2), application (2), third (2), opinions (2), present (2), influences (2), evoked (2), revolves (2), bitter (2), strengths (2), weaknesses (2), manner (2), mate (2), preference (2), woman (2), why (2), immediate (2), advocate (2), instead (2), old (2), sacrificing (2), comfortable (2), addressing (2), asking (2), thing (2), always (2), element (2), things (2), fine (2), anarchists (2), cathedral (2), inform (2), unnatural (2), said (2), puritan (2), feel (2), came (2), ethic (2), many (2), benefit (2), put (2), efficiency (2), touches (2), contention (2), inequality (2), past (2), redistribution (2), open (2), hear (2), objection (2), policy (2), democracy (2), results (2), neoreactionaries (2), words (2), feminist (2), systems (2), subverted (2), equality (2), opportunity (2), 19th (2), true (2), wealthy (2), losing (2), sound (2), isn (2), too (2), here (2), myself (2), cohesion (2), maybe (2), responds (2), item (2), see (2), expression (2), red (2), pill (2), bigger (2), survive (2), thrive (2), love (2), prophets (2), feminism (2), design, email, loading, manage, subscriptions, reader, report, content, privacy, already, estate, spengler, john, mauldin, box, heartiste, northerner, blogroll, top, pages, tribes, autism, division, alphabet, goddess, economics, modern, trends, recommended, tweets, arredwade, twitter, conflict, win, alpha, participate, beta, internal, referential, thinking, linear, compulsive, learn, turn, drop, hat, coming, kingship, relies, deteriorating, replacement, units, reversible, institutions, majority, retribalizing, sit, fence, ways, doing, ass, during, wrenching, indulgence, irreconcilable, maintain, divide, widening, choosing, sides, vote, feet, pickup, treat, priority, deciding, gaining, hood, trailer, park, train, yard, heritage, hold, ask, circle, cumulative, marriage, replacing, patriarchy, once, highest, peak, whatsoever, scanning, slowly, warm, fearless, engagement, know, aren, literally, comprehend, running, head, silence, act, pure, native, instinct, pay, tribute, reflex, buy, drinks, disparity, staunchly, egalitarian, presents, agreement, voluntary, assert, entice, offering, something, putting, requiring, operate, scrutinize, safe, prerequisite, follows, abandoning, concern, cease, plagues, suspend, critical, voice, commands, allay, fears, stimulating, certainty, lack, plato, wall, scenario, symptoms, impossible, submissiveness, inside, spends, passively, obeying, orders, continues, permitted, behave, permission, relieve, responsibility, deep, nothing, let, attained, bloggers, enamored, aloof, independence, propped, improbable, desire, underlings, genuine, acting, personification, superego, art, infer, mental, dealing, assess, motivations, needs, gain, persuade, satisfy, desires, least, studied, attraction, triggers, externalized, memory, ongoing, exploration, taken, dynamics, personal, psyche, deeper, benevolent, outgrow, burden, directives, frees, concerns, anxieties, uncertainties, daily, grain, set, adulthood, able, keeping, tradition, covering, close, feedback, welcome, 782, 791, 105, fels, longitudinal, 128, 210, 219, physical, anthropology, explaining, water, conservation, medio, ambiente, comportamiento, humano, evolution, critique, 145, 171, annual, ecology, systematics, genome, scan, 525, 1569, 1580, island, biogeography, 1349, 1360, schneider, covitality, 121, 143, integrated, 130, 920, 958, bulletin, attractive, proclivities, 134, 146, 1970, london, oxford, 113, 137, force, extensive, england, seventeenth, 634, 667, cited, lesson, drawn, realization, intervention, preoccupied, throughout, repression, encouragement, planning, whatever, motivation, saying, wisdom, importance, orientation, maintenance, observation, increasing, degrees, dogma, mores, public, generation, fatalistic, immutability, predisposition, formation, contradicts, cause, optimism, light, insistence, biologically, hardwired, apart, confronted, change, dramatically, records, thousand, newly, founded, bay, colony, beating, niger, mali, uganda, outpacing, country, currently, existence, average, criminality, unrestricted, brownists, stood, salem, witch, trials, adaptive, whereby, changing, apparent, area, accept, indirectly, obliges, concede, possibly, contextual, developmental, affects, mentioning, several, strength, error, relegating, concessionary, footnote, fault, lies, incontrovertible, determinism, heavily, addresses, prefers, attribute, tectonic, shifts, considerable, sightedness, fundamentally, responsive, numerous, ecological, related, health, findings, supportiveness, spent, child, care, statistically, daughter, positively, raised, fathers, uncertainty, stability, serves, counters, adaptations, root, claims, begins, unravel, under, closer, scrutiny, never, substantiates, connecting, reasonably, circular, incidences, collectively, rests, legitimately, unfalsifiable, demonstrating, sort, amounts, comparatively, demonstrate, substantiating, originate, lip, service, significance, justifies, usual, preoccupation, phenotypic, consistency, races, reports, 000, asians, caucasians, approximately, africans, 1995, obsessions, acknowledging, qualify, indicator, compounding, spontaneous, deduced, relatives, general, suggested, recessive, penetrance, frequency, surprisingly, concerning, component, scans, candidate, loci, tendency, conceive, suffices, firm, figures, shown, cluster, illustration, main, vary, concrete, equates, examines, small, ovulate, frequently, guaranteed, presumption, reminiscent, weak, biologism, accepts, truly, identifies, differ, finds, meaningful, approximations, signs, argues, ordered, perhaps, statistics, regarding, proportion, psychometric, scales, addition, finding, measures, highly, ranging, among, phenotypically, underpins, acknowledges, conjunction, mediated, regulatory, interacting, supportive, herein, sufficient, primacy, implies, interpretation, cohesive, company, worked, coefficients, archival, monozygotic, national, midus, survey, foresight, anticipation, logically, registered, marital, suspicions, confirmed, specifically, partners, resulted, reduced, effectively, composite, partner, propensity, multiple, subsequent, mexico, united, states, cumulatively, part, tended, inherited, regard, directly, style, takes, cues, demonstrates, association, extraversion, restricted, howard, showing, conscientiousness, 1976, broad, identifying, beneath, associate, sine, qua, arena, alejandro, psychologist, arizona, turned, correlations, attempt, goes, revolve, effect, versus, dispositions, postulated, fluctuations, independent, regular, colonization, enable, repopulate, rapidly, attendant, birthrates, malthusian, served, devoting, ones, competition, delayed, litters, restrained, useful, comparison, rabbits, elephants, matures, quickly, reproduces, pursues, posed, broke, assertions, dichotomous, correspond, dichotomy, shorthand, maximum, initially, applied, fish, colonizing, aggressively, reached, heart, employ, articulated, robert, model, static, fluctuating, length, intervals, host, dimensions, occurs, result, pressures, heavy, predation, select, numbers, expended, members, devote, persist, threatening, criticisms, three, functionally, existent, significantly, spectrum, examination, bulk, criticism, refute, allow, subjectivity, considering, contrary, critics, lens, predilections, meaningfully, choices, impact, researchers, proposed, explanations, none, notorious, philippe, appropriated, subordinate, developed, thousands, widely, varying, approaches, genotypes, descendants, lines, known, publication, suffice, conveniently, obscured, biases, violent, disagreement, maximizing, passing, affords, unconsciously, variety, wherein, protectiveness, provide, seeks, fitness, masculinity, attractiveness, muscularity, reflects, selective, raises, stages, fertile, periods, context, seemingly, preferences, passive, evocative, active, interactions, detail, paper, avoided, topic, refer, pressure, denying, generally, sided, using, tie, established, academics, reject, trying, earnest, depth, wonks, toss, secret, teaching, reorientation, western, nor, concealed, opinion, happier, posting, notes, frankly, amused, percentage, rhetoric, notion, savage, corrupt, issues, detracting, west, functioning, preposterous, fringe, movements, share, current, followed, rules, socialists, regret, beings, created, ascends, position, yankees, personally, identified, accuracy, insight, him, rule, jews, predisposes, indivisible, unitarianism, puritanism, historically, underprivileged, classes, greatly, appealing, guilt, wealth, negotiated, privilege, pragmatic, counterbalancing, assertion, somewhat, pointless, massive, conspiracy, declining, usefulness, face, growing, technological, also, marx, unmitigated, markets, distribute, such, unfathomable, vantage, makes, medieval, feudal, socialist, utopia, marxism, portion, suffering, undertaken, 200, overlook, obviously, structure, intrinsically, categorically, leaves, possibility, democratic, corporate, collect, dividends, primary, redistributive, inevitability, highjacking, forces, might, subjected, representative, neocameral, oppose, altogether, unfounded, angelo, codevilla, seriousness, science, supports, stratification, metrics, handle, proceeds, innate, progressives, guiding, principle, conservative, typically, disadvantage, unjust, step, farther, commonly, acknowledge, discarding, mitigating, eeo, refreshing, hardly, helps, producing, looking, gnon, ideal, accepted, restored, slippery, slope, perspective, bargaining, negotiate, networks, nepotism, determines, mafia, phenomenon, assortative, hiring, artificial, imaginary, brightest, achieve, seminal, legislating, outcome, affirmative, action, programs, hasty, accepting, dissolution, equal, backgrounds, didn, agrees, closest, unfettered, mexican, landowners, yale, legacy, back, dutiful, professionals, extremely, disrespect, intended, extolling, virtues, radically, inequitable, distribution, consideration, overwhelming, ridiculous, wouldn, arrogant, humility, virtue, rigid, hierarchies, objections, basic, preoccupations, movement, evident, participants, engaging, luminaries, enormous, contradictions, implicit, program, remotely, fanatics, brow, elements, blogging, again, tough, call, flirting, dark, enlightenment, months, beginning, meditation, overlap, interpersonal, merge, concepts, explored, jun, lot, college, called, christian, anarchist, radical, anti, modernist, believed, deeply, progression, morality, changed, encountered, durkheim, brilliant, analysis, organic, mechanical, solidarity, maintaining, tribal, societies, moral, unlike, clawed, wild, alienation, worth, fend, excesses, precivilizational, savagery, foresee, reforms, inevitably, accompany, integration, ordering, quite, worse, lay, nick, land, section, centralized, hobbes, abuse, foregone, mildly, terrifying, ellul, jul, 286067, 786399, ivies, counter, appropriation, unfamiliar, items, predictable, intrinsic, friendly, line, invitingly, rejection, responded, negatively, fundamental, flaw, particularistic, tightly, attuned, event, preceded, influenced, approached, smile, presence, night, friends, occupied, occasions, occur, occasion, focusing, supposition, precipitated, caused, primarily, preceding, occurring, spontaneously, authentic, reread, scientists, humiliate, hbd, neckbeards, moved, epigenetic, moderators, mechanisms, early, ses, launching, traveling, rabbit, hole, https, marcodgdotnet, files, 2014, delgiudice_etal_2011_acm_stress, responsivity_nbr, pdf, stuff, anymore, logged, saw, sizable, material, imagine, waste, intellectual, bdsm, traditional, dynamic, similar, interests, spare, rest, diatribes, writers, relationships, cooks, cleans, tab, asks, tied, spanked, says, sleep, happy, community, heyday, taught, owe, shame, everything, got, dead, husk, defeated, obstinately, bitching, ought, complete, contradiction, god, getting, triple, digit, page, views, feels, stopped, lifetime, ago, guess, bothered, place, positive, negative, framework, gender, relations, roosh, openly, advocating, serial, rape, roissy, devolved, troublingly, sincere, supremacist, hearing, discussion, surprised, talking, practice, fucked, walking, struggling, remember, word, neg, hit, distinctly, intelligence, equipped, tools, hottest, easiest, machiavellian, promiscuity, raison, etre, fits, venn, diagram, wanting, hot, enough, huh, lived, five, realized, tying, trauma, numb, hurt, divorcing, resource, detached, advance, attracted, arousal, situation, form, bond, home, search,
Text of the page (random words):
in favor of their heritability figueredo vasquez hagenah brumbach sefcek kirsner jacobs 2005 figueredo s suspicions of a single latent factor underlying the suite of traits associated with life history strategy were ultimately confirmed in a 2005 study figueredo et al 2005 specifically they examined the covariance of mating effort risk taking attitudes machiavellianism adult attachment to romantic partners and childhood attachment to and parental investment from the biological or non biological father figure what resulted was a single latent variable associated with reduced mating effort increased familial attachment and fewer risk taking attitudes effectively a latent variable underlying a functional composite of traits associated with k selected life history strategy referred to by figueredo et al as the k factor they found it loaded 0 36 on childhood attachment to the biological father 0 36 on childhood attachment to any non biological father figure 0 38 on adult romantic partner attachment 0 51 on mating effort 0 58 on machiavellianism and 0 41 on risk propensity figueredo et al 2005 moreover multiple subsequent studies conducted both in mexico and the united states found that the common k factor accounted for 92 of the variation in life history traits associated with a k selected strategy tal figueredo frias armenta corral verdugo 2006 figueredo 2005 cumulatively this evidence suggests strongly that the traits considered part of a k selection strategy have tended to be inherited together and that this can be attributed to a consistent underlying life history strategy given the likelihood of a consistent and cohesive k selection life history strategy at issue is the role genetics play in determining variation between high and low k traits on the subject figueredo and company have continued down this path and worked out heritability coefficients for a number of behavioral indicators of a high k strategy figueredo 2004 analyzing archival data on monozygotic and dizygotic twins from the national midus survey the study found a moderate heritability for most of the life history traits examined foresight and anticipation for example a trait logically correlated with a long term survival oriented life history strategy had a heritability estimate of 0 55 father relationship quality registered at 0 51 and marital relationship quality at 0 42 of all the traits considered most had a heritability estimate of between 0 30 and 0 50 establishing a moderate heritability for the various behavioral indicators of a high k strategy perhaps more interesting were the statistics regarding the proportion of genetic covariance between psychometric scales that were accounted for by the k factor in addition to finding that the heritability estimates of the individual measures were substantial the 2004 study found that most of the lower order genetic factors loaded highly on the genetic k factor ranging between 0 60 and 0 90 moreover the k factor was responsible for 82 of the genetic variation among the lower order factors and was itself 68 heritable this suggests that not only do the lower order factors covary both phenotypically and genetically but that there is a strong genetic basis to the higher order factor which underpins their correlation nonetheless figueredo acknowledges that the behavioral traits examined in conjunction with the k factor are at best genetically mediated with regulatory genes interacting with environment to produce personality or psychosocial traits while strongly supportive of the role genes play in the development of mating strategy the evidence herein does not seem sufficient to verify the total primacy of genes rushton implies in his interpretation of life history theory in response rushton turns away from the study of the personality traits surrounding k strategy and towards the physiological his reasoning is reminiscent of turkheimer s theory of strong and weak biologism and he accepts that life history strategy like all behavioral traits can only be truly attributed to additive genetics when there is a physiological basis for it which is itself subject to the direct influence of specific genes turkheimer 1998 to do so he identifies a number of physiological traits upon which r and k selected species consistently differ finds meaningful approximations of these in humans and looks to between group differences for signs of variation in life history strategy in this case he argues that life history events like gestation ovulation and menarche are themselves biological events which underlie suites of behavioral traits and which are largely ordered by genetically heritable life history strategies this forms the basis of his argument that human variation in these behavioral traits can ultimately be attributed to genetic differences produced by natural selection in illustration of this point rushton points to a number of main physiological traits associated with life history events which vary between human groups the most concrete of these seem to be age of menarche which rushton equates with age of sexual maturity and rates of ovulation which he considers akin to litter size differing in degree rather than type the latter he examines in terms of differential rates of dizygotic twinning which suggest that in some small sense certain women ovulate more frequently than others that this is an adaptation consistent with a low k life history strategy in which survival is best guaranteed by increased rates of reproduction is the central presumption of his argument as usual rushton s preoccupation is with phenotypic consistency within racial categories and as evidence he holds up differences in rates of dizygotic twinning between races rushton reports that per 100 000 born asians give birth to fewer than 4 dizygotic twins caucasians approximately 8 and africans over 16 rushton 1995 ignoring the obvious controversy of rushton s racial obsessions it bears acknowledging that should rate of ovulation qualify as a legitimate indicator of life history strategy this revelation certainly provides evidence of intra species variation compounding this evidence is the case for the heritability of spontaneous dz twinning and a good deal of research suggests exactly that bulmer deduced that the risk of dizygotic twinning for relatives of mothers with dz twins is between 1 8 and 2 6 times higher than the general population and suggested a recessive gene with low penetrance and a gene frequency of 50 that could be responsible surprisingly little work exists concerning the component heritability of twinning rates but linkage scans have been conducted which identify a number of candidate loci associated with the tendency to conceive dizygotic twins painter willemsen nyholt hoekstra duffy henders wallace healey 2010 it suffices to say that despite not having firm figures of heritability rates of dz twinning have been shown to cluster within families which suggests some degree of genetic influence comparatively more work has been done to demonstrate the influence of genes on age of menarche and heritability estimates tend to fall consistently around 0 50 towne czerwinski demerath blangero roche siervogel 2005 establishing a genetic basis for age of sexual maturation could go a long way towards substantiating rushton s theory that intra species differences in life history strategy exist and that the physiological developments indicative of different strategies originate in the genes rushton consistently pays only lip service to the significance of individual variation and the role played by environment however and it is difficult to argue that a 0 50 heritability estimate justifies this while a good deal of evidence exists to support rushton s claims about these biological traits and their basis in genetics his theory begins to unravel under closer scrutiny he fails to address the question of whether biological traits like age at menarche or rates of ovulation covary consistently with one another and thus never substantiates his assumption that there is a latent variable connecting them that we can reasonably identify as the k factor in fact race is the only real factor he holds up to link them together and he seems to make the circular argument that racial minorities are low k because they have higher incidences of these biological traits which are themselves low k because they are collectively found in racial minorities his reasoning rests on the assumption that for example rates of ovulation are genuinely akin to differences in litter size a legitimately biological life history trait but this remains an unfalsifiable assumption and without actually demonstrating a correlation between twinning rates and some sort of higher order factor an assumption is all it amounts to beyond the error of relegating substantial within group variation in mating strategy to a concessionary footnote rushton s great fault lies in ignoring more recent evidence that the physiological traits he considers incontrovertible evidence of genetic determinism are in fact heavily subject to environmental influence he addresses variation in ovulation and age of menarche but prefers to attribute it to tectonic evolutionary shifts over individual adaptation the capacity of individuals to adapt is considerable however and a number of studies confirm the short sightedness of rushton s approach a good deal of work has been done to show that pubertal timing is fundamentally responsive to numerous ecological factors whether related to health familial stress or the social environment findings show that both parental supportiveness and time spent by the father in child care are statistically significant predictors of a daughter s pubertal timing each correlated positively with later ages of menarche ellis 2004 similarly girls raised in the absence of their fathers tend to experience menarche earlier this may well be an evolutionary adaptation to uncertainty of environmental stability but if so it serves only to confirm the capacity of individuals to adapt their life history strategies and counters the argument that these adaptations have their root in additive genetics if we accept rushton s argument that genetics affect life history strategy indirectly through the direction of relevant physiological events like menarche ovulation and gestation then the revelation of a strong environmental influence obliges us to concede that environment can affect life history strategy through exactly the same means and possibly to a greater degree if individual mating decisions are a product of both contextual decision making and biological predilection then this biological predilection is subject to the influence of not only additive genetics but of the developmental environment which strongly affects a number of the factors examined it certainly bears mentioning that several of the social predictors for later pubertal timing e g strength of relationship with a biological father figure were themselves indicators of figueredo s k factor which suggests a complex interaction between genes and environment in determining life history strategy this interaction would seem to make sense in light of the historical data and rushton s insistence on a biologically hardwired life history strategy falls apart when confronted with the obvious reality that strategies change dramatically across generations in genetically consistent populations historical records show a birth rate of 49 2 per thousand in the newly founded bay colony of 17 th century massachusetts beating out today s niger mali and uganda and outpacing any country currently in existence anderson thomas 1973 an average family size of 7 13 children would certainly seem indicative of an r selected mating strategy and all that remains is for rushton to verify the inborn criminality low iq and unrestricted sexuality of the brownists who stood behind the salem witch trials more likely ancestral environments selected for an adaptive life history strategy whereby the physiological and behavioral life history traits of individuals are capable of developing in response to changing environments this could explain the apparent gene environment interaction responsible for the physiological traits that underlie life history strategy and could be an area of potential future study the most significant lesson to be drawn from the realization that both genes and environment influence this strategy however is that it must now be subject to intervention rushton seems preoccupied throughout his work with the role played by the k factor in the production of complex civilization due to its emphasis on sexual repression and encouragement of long term planning whatever his motivation for saying this there may be some wisdom in developing a collective awareness of the importance of parental investment and future time orientation to the maintenance of civilization a casual observation of american society suggests that participation in the post industrial economy requires ever increasing degrees of k strategy while the collapse of a common dogma surrounding sexual mores has produced a public which is increasingly r oriented with each generation ultimately rushton s work comes off fatalistic for its belief in the immutability of genetic predisposition to underlying life history strategy the conclusion that environment plays just as strong a role in the formation of these strategies contradicts this belief and may well be cause for optimism works cited anderson t thomas r p 1973 white population labor force and extensive growth of the new england economy in the seventeenth century journal of economic history 34 3 634 667 bulmer mg 1970 the biology of twinning in man london oxford university press pp 113 137 buss d shackleford t 2008 attractive women want it all good genes economic investment parenting proclivities and emotional commitment evolutionary psychology 6 1 134 146 ellis b j 2004 timing of pubertal maturation in girls an integrated life history approach psychological bulletin 6 130 920 958 figueredo a j vasquez g brumbach b h schneider s m 2004 the heritability of life history strategy the k factor covitality and personality social biology 3 4 51 121 143 figueredo a j vasquez g hagenah brumbach b sefcek j a kirsner b jacobs w j 2005 the k factor individual differences in life history strategy personality and individual differences 2005 39 1349 1360 macarthur r h and wilson e o 1967 the theory of island biogeography princeton n j princeton university press painter j willemsen g nyholt d hoekstra c duffy d henders a wallace l healey s 2010 a genome wide linkage scan for dizygotic twinning in 525 families of mothers of dizygotic twins human reproduction 6 25 1569 1580 stearns s 1977 the evolution of life history traits a critique of the theory and a review of the data annual review of ecology and systematics 8 1977 145 171 tal i figueredo a j frias armenta m corr...
|
