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negeri, maulana, malik, ibrahim, fusha, amiya, مقارنة, خوريمقارنة, خوري, abdul, mukhlis, 219917900, 24865, ajas, v5i1, 195, tensions, fushâ, âmiyya, riham, shendy, 123, 150474487, 17507, tpls, 0902, limitations, unspoken, documentation, identifier, garc, ebsco, services, brown, keith, ogilve, sarah, elsevier, 0080877747, concise, 28th, spelled, amiyya, amiyah, ammiyah, amiyyah, ammiyyah, teaching, disambiguation, placement, accent, extremely, nowhere, recognizable, cacac, ˈʒbəl, ǧabal, جَبَل, vccvcv, makˈtaba, presumed, pattern, disagreement, developments, monastir, sfax, o̞ː, e̞ː, did, develop, phonemically, postulated, attempt, handle, requires, assuming, attempted, autonomous, eliminate, asserted, property, whole, none, proposals, seems, tenable, unpredictable, fronted, tolerate, shortens, occurrence, elision, undergo, vcvcv, ignoring, permitted, cluster, broken, insertion, goes, converted, labialization, schwa, obscuring, split, hand, spreads, nearest, complications, complex, rounded, marrakesh, length, syllabified, sonority, hierarchy, subdialects, tell, syllabic, peaks, phrase, fem, xəssək, təktəb, xəssk, ətkətb, xsˤsˤk, tktbi, uniformly, substituted, ccəc, single, allophonically, environments, weaker, velarized, allāh, aɫɫaː, الله, causes, pharyngeal, fricative, partial, powerful, sides, former, causing, near, reflect, complicated, predictable, furthermore, relational, preceding, expected, ijja, minimally, lip, rounding, stop, lightly, aspirated, alveolar, unaspirated, velarization, glottal, closure, devoiced, cairene, residue, applies, etymological, give, taħħa, tagħha, bitaʕ̞ħa, bitaħħa, bitaʕha, affricated, instance, emerged, thanks, replaces, affricates, remains
Text of the page (random words):
tes may also be used see why june 2021 reflexes of classical q place reflex ˈqalb baqara ˈwaqt ˈqaːl ˈqamar ˈqahwa quddaːm heart cow time said moon coffee in front of medina hejazi arabic ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahwa guddām uzbeki arabic jugari q occ ɡ qalb baqara waqt waḥt qāl qamar giddām kuwait city kuwait q or ɡ occ d͡ʒ gaḷb bgara wakt sporadic gāl gumar gahwa jiddām muslim baghdad arabic ɡ occ d͡ʒ gaḷuḅ baqare wakət gāl gumar gahwe guddām jiddām baghdadi judeo arabic q occ d͡ʒ qalb qāl qamaɣ jeddām mosul iraq q qʌləb bʌgʌɣa wʌqət qāl qʌmʌɣ qʌhwi qəddām anah iraq q or ɡ qālb bagra waqet qāl gahwa rural south mesopotamian arabic ɡ occ d͡ʒ galub bgure bagre wakit gāl gumar ghawe gahwe jiddām judeo iraqi arabic q qalb baqaṛa waqt waxt qāl qamaṛ qahwe qǝddām mardin anatolia q qalb baqaṛe waqt waxt qāl qumaṛ qaḥwe qǝddām sheep nomads s mesopotamia ne arabian peninsula ɡ occ d͡ʒ galb galub bgara wagt wakit gāl gamar ghawa jeddām camel nomads se mesopotamia ne arabian peninsula ɡ occ d͡z galb galub bgara wagt wakit gāl gamar ghawa dᶻöddām aleppo syria ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾǝddām damascus syria ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾǝddām beirut lebanon ʔ ʾalb baʾra waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾǝddeem amman jordan ɡ or ʔ gaḷib or ʾ alib bagara or ba ʾ ara wagǝt or wa ʾ ǝt gāl or ʾ āl gamar or ʾ amar gahweh or ʾ ahweh giddām or ʾ iddām irbid jordan ɡ galib bagara waket gāl gamar gahwe gahweh giddām sweida syria q qalb baqara qāl qamar qahwe nazareth israel ʔ or k ʾalb or kalb baʾara or bakara waʾt or wakt ʾāl or kāl ʾamar or kamar ʾahwe or kahwe ʾuddām or kuddām jerusalem urban palestinian arabic ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾuddām bir zeit west bank k kalb bakara wakt kāl kamar kahwe kuddām sanaa yemen ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahweh guddām cairo egypt ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwa ʾuddām upper egypt sa idi arabic ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahwa guddām sudan ɡ galib bagara wagt gāl gamra gahwa gahawa giddām ouaddaï chad ɡ occ q beger waqt gāl gamra gahwa benghazi e libya ɡ gaḷǝb ǝbgǝ́ṛa wagǝt gāḷ gǝmaṛ gahawa giddām tripoli libya g galb bugra wagǝt gāl gmar gahwa giddam tunis tunisia q occ ɡ qalb bagra waqt qal gamra qamra qahwa qoddem el hamma de gabes tunisia ɡ gal a b bagra wagt gal gamra gahwa geddem marazig tunisia ɡ occ q galab bagra wagt gal gamra gahwa qahwa qoddem geddem algiers algeria q occ ɡ qǝlb bagra waqt qal qamar gamra qahǝwa qoddam sétif algeria ɡ gǝlb bagra waqt gal gmar qahwa guddam jijel arabic algeria k kǝlb bekra wǝkt kal kmǝr kahwa kǝddam rabat morocco q occ ɡ qǝlb bgar waqt qal gal qamar gamra qahǝwa qǝddam gǝddam casablanca morocco q occ ɡ qǝlb bgar waqt gal qǝmr gamra qahǝwa qoddam north tangier morocco q qǝlb bqar waqt qal gǝmra qahǝwa qoddam jewish moroccans judeo arabic q qǝlb bqar wǝqt qal qmǝr qǝhwa qǝddam maltese ʔ written q qalb baqra waqt qal qamar quddiem cypriot maronite arabic k occ x kalp pakar oxt kal kamar kintám andalusian arabic q qalb baqar waqt qal qamar quddām ca ʔ is lost when adjacent to vowels the following simplifications take place in order v 1 ʔv 2 v̄ when v 1 v 2 aʔi aʔw aj aw iʔv uʔv ijv uwv vʔc v̄c elsewhere ʔ is simply lost in ca and modern standard arabic msa ʔ is still pronounced because this change had already happened in meccan arabic at the time the qur an was written it is reflected in the orthography of written arabic where a diacritic known as hamzah is inserted either above an ʾalif wāw or yāʾ or on the line between characters or in certain cases a diacritic ʾalif maddah ʾalif is inserted over an ʾalif as a result proper spelling of words involving ʔ is probably one of the most difficult issues in arabic orthography modern dialects have smoothed out the morphophonemic variations typically by losing the associated verbs or moving them into another paradigm for example qaraʔ read becomes qara or ʔara a third weak verb ʔ has reappeared medially in various words due to borrowing from ca in addition q has become ʔ in many dialects although the two are marginally distinguishable in egyptian arabic since words beginning with original ʔ can elide this sound whereas words beginning with original q cannot ca k often becomes t͡ʃ in the persian gulf iraq some rural palestinian dialects and in some bedouin dialects when adjacent to an original i particularly in the second singular feminine enclitic pronoun where t͡ʃ replaces classical ik or ki in a very few moroccan varieties it affricates to k͡ʃ elsewhere it remains k ca r is pronounced ʀ in a few areas mosul for instance and the jewish variety in algiers in all of northern africa a phonemic distinction has emerged between plain r and emphatic rˤ thanks to the merging of short vowels ca t but not emphatic ca tˤ is affricated to t͡s in moroccan arabic this is still distinguishable from the sequence ts ca ʕ is pronounced in iraqi arabic and kuwaiti arabic with glottal closure ʔˤ in some varieties ʕ is devoiced to ħ before h for some speakers of cairene arabic bitaʕha bitaħħa or bitaʕ̞ħa hers the residue of this rule applies also in the maltese language where neither etymological h nor ʕ are pronounced as such but give ħ in this context tagħha taħħa hers the nature of emphasis differs somewhat from variety to variety it is usually described as a concomitant pharyngealization but in most sedentary varieties is actually velarization or a combination of the two the phonetic effects of the two are only minimally different from each other usually there is some associated lip rounding in addition the stop consonants t and d are dental and lightly aspirated when non emphatic but alveolar and completely unaspirated when emphatic ca r is also in the process of splitting into emphatic and non emphatic varieties with the former causing emphasis spreading just like other emphatic consonants originally non emphatic r occurred before i or between i and a following consonant while emphatic rˤ occurred mostly near ɑ to a large extent western arabic dialects reflect this while the situation is rather more complicated in egyptian arabic the allophonic distribution still exists to a large extent although not in any predictable fashion nor is one or the other variety used consistently in different words derived from the same root furthermore although derivational suffixes in particular relational i and ijja affect a preceding r in the expected fashion inflectional suffixes do not certain other consonants depending on the dialect also cause pharyngealization of adjacent sounds although the effect is typically weaker than full emphasis spreading and usually has no effect on more distant vowels the velar fricative x and the uvular consonant q often cause partial backing of adjacent a and of u and i in moroccan arabic for moroccan arabic the effect is sometimes described as half as powerful as an emphatic consonant as a vowel with uvular consonants on both sides is affected similarly to having an emphatic consonant on one side the pharyngeal consonants ħ and ʕ cause no emphasis spreading and may have little or no effect on adjacent vowels in egyptian arabic for example a adjacent to either sound is a fully front æ in other dialects ʕ is more likely to have an effect than ħ in some gulf arabic dialects w and or l causes backing in some dialects words such as الله aɫɫaː allāh has backed ɑ s and in some dialects also velarized l vowels edit classical arabic short vowels a i and u undergo various changes original final short vowels are mostly deleted many levantine arabic dialects merge i and u into a phonemic ə except when directly followed by a single consonant this sound may appear allophonically as i or u in certain phonetic environments maghreb dialects merge a and i into ə which is deleted when unstressed tunisian maintains this distinction but deletes these vowels in non final open syllables moroccan arabic under the strong influence of berber goes even further short u is converted to labialization of an adjacent velar or is merged with ə this schwa then deletes everywhere except in certain words ending ccəc the result is that there is no distinction between short and long vowels borrowings from ca have long vowels now pronounced half long uniformly substituted for original short and long vowels this also results in consonant clusters of great length which are more or less syllabified according to a sonority hierarchy for some subdialects in practice it is very difficult to tell where if anywhere there are syllabic peaks in long consonant clusters in a phrase such as xsˤsˤk tktbi you fem must write other dialects in the north make a clear distinction they say xəssək təktəb you want to write and not xəssk ətkətb in moroccan arabic short a and i have merged obscuring the original distribution in this dialect the two varieties have completely split into separate phonemes with one or the other used consistently across all words derived from a particular root except in a few situations in moroccan arabic the allophonic effect of emphatic consonants is more pronounced than elsewhere full a is affected as above but i and u are also affected and are to e and o respectively in some varieties such as in marrakesh the effects are even more extreme and complex where both high mid and low mid allophones exist e and ɛ o and ɔ in addition to front rounded allophones of original u y ø œ all depending on adjacent phonemes on the other hand emphasis spreading in moroccan arabic is less pronounced than elsewhere usually it only spreads to the nearest full vowel on either side although with some additional complications i ɪ and u ʊ in ca completely become e and o respectively in some other particular dialects in egyptian arabic and levantine arabic short i and u are elided in various circumstances in unstressed syllables typically in open syllables for example in egyptian arabic this occurs only in the middle vowel of a vcvcv sequence ignoring word boundaries in levantine however clusters of three consonants are almost never permitted if such a cluster would occur it is broken up through the insertion of ə between the second and third consonants in egyptian arabic and between the first and second in levantine arabic ca long vowels are shortened in some circumstances original final long vowels are shortened in all dialects in egyptian arabic and levantine arabic unstressed long vowels are shortened egyptian arabic also cannot tolerate long vowels followed by two consonants and shortens them such an occurrence was rare in ca but often occurs in modern dialects as a result of elision of a short vowel in most dialects particularly sedentary ones ca a and aː have two strongly divergent allophones depending on the phonetic context adjacent to an emphatic consonant and to q but not usually to other sounds derived from this such as ɡ or ʔ a back variant ɑ occurs elsewhere a strongly fronted variant æ ɛ is used the two allophones are in the process of splitting phonemically in some dialects as ɑ occurs in some words particularly foreign borrowings even in the absence of any emphatic consonants anywhere in the word some linguists have postulated additional emphatic phonemes in an attempt to handle these circumstances in the extreme case this requires assuming that every phoneme occurs doubled in emphatic and non emphatic varieties some have attempted to make the vowel allophones autonomous and eliminate the emphatic consonants as phonemes others have asserted that emphasis is actually a property of syllables or whole words rather than of individual vowels or consonants none of these proposals seems particularly tenable however given the variable and unpredictable nature of emphasis spreading unlike other arabic varieties hejazi arabic did not develop allophones of the vowels a and aː and both are pronounced as a or ä ca diphthongs aj and aw have become eː or e̞ː and oː or o̞ː but merge with original iː and uː in maghreb dialects which is probably a secondary development the diphthongs are maintained in the maltese language and some urban tunisian dialects particularly that of sfax while eː and oː also occur in some other tunisian dialects such as monastir the placement of the stress accent is extremely variable between varieties nowhere is it phonemic most commonly it falls on the last syllable containing a long vowel or a short vowel followed by two consonants but never farther from the end than the third to last syllable this maintains the presumed stress pattern in ca although there is some disagreement over whether stress could move farther back than the third to last syllable and is also used in modern standard arabic msa in ca and msa stress cannot occur on a final long vowel however this does not result in different stress patterns on any words because ca final long vowels are shortened in all modern dialects and any current final long vowels are secondary developments from words containing a long vowel followed by a consonant in egyptian arabic the rule is similar but stress falls on the second to last syllable in words of the form vccvcv as in makˈtaba in maghrebi arabic stress is final in words of the original form cacac after which the first a is elided hence جَبَل ǧabal mountain becomes ˈʒbəl in moroccan arabic phonetic stress is often not recognizable see also edit arabic diglossia arabic disambiguation international association of arabic dialectology aida teaching arabic as a foreign language notes edit also spelled ammiya amiyya ammiyya ammiyya ammiya amiyah ammiyah amiyyah ammiyyah 5 6 7 references edit citations edit arabic at ethnologue 28th ed 2025 1 2 3 al wer e 2018 arabic languages variation in in brown keith ogilve sarah eds concise encyclopedia of languages of the world elsevier science p 53 54 isbn 978 0080877747 garc john d 2024 arabic language ebsco information services retrieved 18 december 2025 documentation for iso 639 identifier ara riham shendy 2019 the limitations of reading to young children in literary arabic the unspoken struggle with arabic diglossia theory and practice in language studies 9 2 123 doi 10 17507 tpls 0902 01 s2cid 150474487 yoyo yoyo abdul mukhlis thonthowi thonthowi ferawati ferawati june 2020 high variety vs low variety culture in the arabic language the tensions between fushâ and âmiyya in the contemporary arab world arabi journal of arabic studies 5 1 25 doi 10 24865 ajas v5i1 195 s2cid 219917900 muwafiq muhammad rizqi 2019 مقارنة بين العامية اللبنانية واللغة الفصحى في ألبوم أنا والليل لمروان خوريمقارنة بين العامية اللبنانية واللغة الفصحى في ألبوم أنا والليل لمروان خوري undergraduate universitas islam negeri maulana malik ibrahim in terms of usage arabic is divided into arabic fusha and amiya wehr hans 1979 a dictionary of modern written arabic arab engl otto harrassowitz verlag p 319 isbn 3447020024 retrieved 30 september 2017 1 2 kamusella tomasz 2017 the arabic language a latin of modernity pdf journal of nationalism memory language politics 11 2 117 145 doi 10 1515 jnmlp 2017 0006...
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