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the victim for verification of the transfer fails as the victim s telephone lines are being flooded with bogus calls rendering the victim unreachable 115 a scammer contacts consumers with a bogus claim to collect an outstanding payday loan for thousands of dollars when the consumer objects the scammer retaliates by flooding the victim s employer with automated calls in some cases the displayed caller id is spoofed to impersonate police or law enforcement agencies 116 swatting a scammer contacts consumers with a bogus debt collection demand and threatens to send police when the victim balks the scammer floods local police numbers with calls on which caller id is spoofed to display the victim s number police soon arrive at the victim s residence attempting to find the origin of the calls tdos can exist even without internet telephony in the 2002 new hampshire senate election phone jamming scandal telemarketers were used to flood political opponents with spurious calls to jam phone banks on election day widespread publication of a number can also flood it with enough calls to render it unusable as happened by accident in 1981 with multiple 1 area code 867 5309 subscribers inundated by hundreds of calls daily in response to the song 867 5309 jenny tdos differs from other telephone harassment such as prank calls and obscene phone calls by the number of calls originated by occupying lines continuously with repeated automated calls the victim is prevented from making or receiving both routine and emergency telephone calls related exploits include sms flooding attacks and black fax or continuous fax transmission by using a loop of paper at the sender ttl expiry attack edit it takes more router resources to drop a packet with a ttl value of 1 or less than it does to forward a packet with a higher ttl value when a packet is dropped due to ttl expiry the router cpu must generate and send an icmp time exceeded response generating many of these responses can overload the router s cpu 117 upnp attack edit a upnp attack uses an existing vulnerability in universal plug and play upnp protocol to get past network security and flood a target s network and servers the attack is based on a dns amplification technique but the attack mechanism is a upnp router that forwards requests from one outer source to another the upnp router returns the data on an unexpected udp port from a bogus ip address making it harder to take simple action to shut down the traffic flood according to the imperva researchers the most effective way to stop this attack is for companies to lock down upnp routers 118 119 ssdp reflection attack edit in 2014 it was discovered that simple service discovery protocol ssdp was being used in ddos attacks known as an ssdp reflection attac k with amplification many devices including some residential routers have a vulnerability in the upnp software that allows an attacker to get replies from udp port 1900 to a destination address of their choice with a botnet of thousands of devices the attackers can generate sufficient packet rates and occupy bandwidth to saturate links causing the denial of service 120 121 122 because of this weakness the network company cloudflare has described ssdp as the stupidly simple ddos protocol 122 arp spoofing edit arp spoofing is a common dos attack that involves a vulnerability in the arp protocol that allows an attacker to associate their mac address to the ip address of another computer or gateway causing traffic intended for the original authentic ip to be re routed to that of the attacker causing a denial of service defense techniques edit main article ddos mitigation defensive responses to denial of service attacks typically involve the use of a combination of attack detection traffic classification and response tools aiming to block traffic the tools identify as illegitimate and allow traffic that they identify as legitimate 123 a list of response tools include the following upstream filtering edit all traffic destined to the victim is diverted to pass through a cleaning center or a scrubbing center via various methods such as changing the victim ip address in the dns system tunneling methods gre vrf mpls sdn 124 proxies digital cross connects or even direct circuits the cleaning center separates bad traffic ddos and also other common internet attacks and only passes good legitimate traffic to the victim server 125 the victim needs central connectivity to the internet to use this kind of service unless they happen to be located within the same facility as the cleaning center ddos attacks can overwhelm any type of hardware firewall and passing malicious traffic through large and mature networks becomes more and more effective and economically sustainable against ddos 126 application front end hardware edit application front end hardware is intelligent hardware placed on the network before traffic reaches the servers it can be used on networks in conjunction with routers and switches and as part of bandwidth management application front end hardware analyzes data packets as they enter the network and identifies and drops dangerous or suspicious flows application level key completion indicators edit approaches to detection of ddos attacks against cloud based applications may be based on an application layer analysis indicating whether incoming bulk traffic is legitimate 127 these approaches mainly rely on an identified path of value inside the application and monitor the progress of requests on this path through markers called key completion indicators 128 in essence these techniques are statistical methods of assessing the behavior of incoming requests to detect if something unusual or abnormal is going on an analogy is to a brick and mortar department store where customers spend on average a known percentage of their time on different activities such as picking up items and examining them putting them back filling a basket waiting to pay paying and leaving if a mob of customers arrived in the store and spent all their time picking up items and putting them back but never made any purchases this could be flagged as unusual behavior blackholing and sinkholing edit with blackhole routing all the traffic to the attacked dns or ip address is sent to a black hole null interface or a non existent server to be more efficient and avoid affecting network connectivity it can be managed by the isp 129 a dns sinkhole routes traffic to a valid ip address which analyzes traffic and rejects bad packets sinkholing may not be efficient for severe attacks ips based prevention edit intrusion prevention systems ips are effective if the attacks have signatures associated with them however the trend among attacks is to have legitimate content but bad intent intrusion prevention systems that work on content recognition cannot block behavior based dos attacks 53 an asic based ips may detect and block denial of service attacks because they have the processing power and the granularity to analyze the attacks and act like a circuit breaker in an automated way 53 dds based defense edit more focused on the problem than ips a dos defense system dds can block connection based dos attacks and those with legitimate content but bad intent a dds can also address both protocol attacks such as teardrop and ping of death and rate based attacks such as icmp floods and syn floods dds has a purpose built system that can easily identify and obstruct denial of service attacks at a greater speed than a software based system 130 firewalls edit in the case of a simple attack a firewall can be adjusted to deny all incoming traffic from the attackers based on protocols ports or the originating ip addresses more complex attacks will however be hard to block with simple rules for example if there is an ongoing attack on port 80 web service it is not possible to drop all incoming traffic on this port because doing so will prevent the server from receiving and serving legitimate traffic 131 additionally firewalls may be too deep in the network hierarchy with routers being adversely affected before the traffic gets to the firewall also many security tools still do not support ipv6 or may not be configured properly so the firewalls may be bypassed during the attacks 132 routers edit similar to switches routers have some rate limiting and acl capabilities they too are manually set most routers can be easily overwhelmed under a dos attack nokia sr os using fp4 or fp5 processors offers ddos protection 133 nokia sr os also uses big data analytics based nokia deepfield defender for ddos protection 134 cisco ios has optional features that can reduce the impact of flooding 135 switches edit most switches have some rate limiting and acl capability some switches provide automatic or system wide rate limiting traffic shaping delayed binding tcp splicing deep packet inspection and bogon filtering bogus ip filtering to detect and remediate dos attacks through automatic rate filtering and wan link failover and balancing these schemes will work as long as the dos attacks can be prevented by using them for example syn flood can be prevented using delayed binding or tcp splicing similarly content based dos may be prevented using deep packet inspection attacks using martian packets can be prevented using bogon filtering automatic rate filtering can work as long as set rate thresholds have been set correctly wan link failover will work as long as both links have a dos prevention mechanism 53 blocking vulnerable ports edit threats may be associated with specific tcp or udp port numbers blocking these ports at the firewall can mitigate an attack for example in an ssdp reflection attack the key mitigation is to block incoming udp traffic on port 1900 136 blocking based on ttl edit blocking specific time to live ttl values based on the network path length can be a viable option for blocking spoofed attacks 137 unintentional denial of service edit an unintentional denial of service can occur when a system ends up denied not due to a deliberate attack by a single individual or group of individuals but simply due to a sudden enormous spike in popularity this can happen when an extremely popular website posts a prominent link to a second less well prepared site for example as part of a news story the result is that a significant proportion of the primary site s regular users potentially hundreds of thousands of people click that link in the space of a few hours having the same effect on the target website as a ddos attack a vipdos is the same but specifically when the link was posted by a celebrity when michael jackson died in 2009 websites such as google and twitter slowed down or even crashed 138 many sites servers thought the requests were from a virus or spyware trying to cause a denial of service attack warning users that their queries looked like automated requests from a computer virus or spyware application 139 news sites and link sites sites whose primary function is to provide links to interesting content elsewhere on the internet are most likely to cause this phenomenon the canonical example is the slashdot effect when receiving traffic from slashdot it is also known as the reddit hug of death 140 and the digg effect 141 similar unintentional denial of service can also occur via other media e g when a url is mentioned on television in march 2014 after malaysia airlines flight 370 went missing digitalglobe launched a crowdsourcing service on which users could help search for the missing jet in satellite images the response overwhelmed the company s servers 142 an unintentional denial of service may also result from a prescheduled event created by the website itself as was the case of the census in australia in 2016 143 legal action has been taken in at least one such case in 2006 universal tube rollform equipment corporation sued youtube massive numbers of would be youtube com users accidentally typed the tube company s url utube com as a result the tube company ended up having to spend large amounts of money on upgrading its bandwidth 144 routers have also been known to create unintentional dos attacks as both d link and netgear 145 routers have overloaded ntp servers by flooding them without respecting the restrictions of client types or geographical limitations side effects of attacks edit backscatter edit see also backscatter email and internet background noise in computer network security backscatter is a side effect of a spoofed denial of service attack in this kind of attack the attacker spoofs the source address in ip packets sent to the victim in general the victim machine cannot distinguish between the spoofed packets and legitimate packets so the victim responds to the spoofed packets as it normally would these response packets are known as backscatter 146 if the attacker is spoofing source addresses randomly the backscatter response packets from the victim will be sent back to random destinations this effect can be used by network telescopes as indirect evidence of such attacks the term backscatter analysis refers to observing backscatter packets arriving at a statistically significant portion of the ip address space to determine the characteristics of dos attacks and victims legality edit numerous websites offering tools to conduct a ddos attack were seized by the fbi under the computer fraud and abuse act 147 see also cybercrime and dpp v lennon many jurisdictions have laws under which denial of service attacks are illegal unctad highlights that 156 countries or 80 globally have enacted cybercrime laws to combat its widespread impact adoption rates vary by region with europe at a 91 rate and africa at 72 148 in the us denial of service attacks may be considered a federal crime under the computer fraud and abuse act with penalties that include years of imprisonment 149 the computer crime and intellectual property section of the us department of justice handles cases of dos and ddos in one example in july 2019 austin thompson aka derptrolling was sentenced to 27 months in prison and 95 000 in restitution by a federal court for conducting multiple ddos attacks on major video gaming companies disrupting their systems for hours to days 150 151 in european countries committing criminal denial of service attacks may as a minimum lead to arrest 152 the united kingdom is unusual in that it specifically outlawed denial of service attacks and set a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison with the police and justice act 2006 which amended section 3 of the computer misuse act 1990 153 in january 2019 europol announced that actions are currently underway worldwide to track down the users of webstresser org a former ddos marketplace that was shut down in april 2018 as part of operation poweroff 154 europol said uk police were conducting a number of live operations targeting over 250 users of webstresser and other ddos services 155 on january 7 2013 anonymo...
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