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range yellow blue brown and cream besides metallic shades like gold and silver white platinum scales the most popular category of koi is the gosanke which is made up of the kōhaku taishō sanshoku and shōwa sanshoku varieties history edit carp are a large group of fish species originally native to central europe and asia various carp species were originally domesticated in china where they were used primarily for consumption carp are coldwater fish and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed the domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations including japan prehistory edit in japan miocene fossils of the carp family cyprinidae have been excavated from iki island nagasaki prefecture 4 furthermore numerous carp pharyngeal teeth have been excavated from jomon and yayoi period sites 5 for example pharyngeal teeth of the extinct species jōmon koi cyprinus sp in addition to the modern species of carp cyprinus carpio or cyprinus rubrofuscus have been excavated from the akanoi bay lakebed site 赤野井湾湖底遺跡 in lake biwa at the end of the early jomon period 11 500 7 000 years ago 5 in addition pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the cyprinidae family living in japan today including carp cyprinus have been found at the awazu lakebed site 粟津湖底遺跡 dating from the middle jomon period 5500 4400 years ago 5 there are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from jomon and yayoi sites as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth specifically not only adult carp but also juvenile carp less than 150 mm in length have been found at the yayoi site this difference is thought to be because the jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers while the yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies 5 6 it was previously thought that all japanese carp were introduced from china in prehistoric times 7 however recent analysis of mitochondrial dna revealed a significant evolutionary divergence phylogenetic split within common carp cyprinus carpio between the native wild form found in lake biwa and the eurasian wild form along with domesticated varieties this supports the idea of the ancient origin of the native japanese form cyprinus sp as well as the east asian ancient lineage of wild common carp c carpio previously proposed on the basis of fossil data however it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to japan in addition a possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtdna haplotypes of koi carp within the eurasian clade 8 moreover the oldest record of the introduction of non native fish in japan is that of goldfish from china 1502 or 1602 9 and there is no record of carp including colored carp until the introduction of the mirror carp called doitsugoi german carp in 1904 10 middle ages edit in the japanese history book nihon shoki chronicles of japan 720 it is written that emperor keikō released carp in a pond for viewing when he visited mino province present gifu prefecture in the fourth year of his reign 74 ce in cui bao s gǔjīnzhù 古今注 annotations on the ancient and modern period from the western jin dynasty 4th century ce in china carp of the following colors are described red horse 赤驥 blue horse 青馬 black horse 玄駒 white horse 白騏 and yellow pheasant 黄雉 11 in china in those days carp were called horses because they were believed to be the vehicles of hermits and to run in the sky japan s oldest drug dictionary fukane sukehito s honzō wamyō 本草和名 918 mentions red carp 赤鯉 blue carp 青鯉 black carp 黒鯉 white carp 白鯉 and yellow carp 黄鯉 as japanese names corresponding to the above chinese names suggesting that carp of these colors existed in china and japan in those days 12 in addition hitomi hitsudai s drug dictionary honchō shokkan 本朝食鑑 japanese medicine encyclopedia 1697 states that red yellow and white carp of the three colors were in japan at that time 13 however it is believed that these single colored carp were not a variety created by artificial selection as is the case with today s koi but rather a mutation induced color change 14 in ancient times carp was farmed primarily for food mutational color variation in carp is relatively common in nature but is not suitable for development alongside farming for food in poor rural communities color inheritance is unstable and selection to maintain color variation is costly for example in current day farming of koi as ornamental fish the percentage of superior colored fish to the number of spawn is less than 1 15 the amur carp cyprinus rubrofuscus is a member of the cyprinid family species complex native to east asia amur carp were previously identified as a subspecies of the common carp as c c haematopterus but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name c rubrofuscus 16 amur carp have been aquacultured as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century bce in china modern period edit terraced rice paddies in yamakoshi niigata prefecture the systematic breeding of ornamental amur carp began in the 1820s in an area known as nijūmuragō 二十村郷 lit twenty villages which spans ojiya and yamakoshi in niigata prefecture located on the northeastern coast of honshu in japan in niigata prefecture amur carp were farmed for food in musubu shinden kanbara county present akiba ward niigata city from the end of the genna era 1615 1624 17 in the nijūmuragō area carp were also farmed in terraced ponds near terraced rice paddies by 1781 at the latest but the ponds ran dry due to a severe drought that occurred around that time and the carp escaped the disaster by taking refuge in ponds on the grounds of senryu shrine in higashiyama village and juni shrine in higashitakezawa village 18 during the bunka and bunsei eras 1804 1830 people in the nijūmuragō area bred red and white koi in addition to black koi and crossed them to produce red and white colored koi after that they further crossed them and perfected them 18 around 1875 colored koi became popular and the number of breeders increased and some expensive koi were produced but niigata prefecture banned the aquaculture of ornamental koi because it was considered a speculative business and the business suffered a major blow for a time however the ban was lifted soon after thanks to the petition of the villagers at that time colored koi included kōhaku asagi ki utsuri etc 19 from this original handful of koi varieties all other nishikigoi varieties were bred with the exception of the ogon variety single colored metallic koi which was developed relatively recently 1 3 koi breeding flourished in the nijūmuragō area for two reasons 1 the custom of raising koi in fallow fields for emergency food during the winter and 2 the existence of many inden 隠田 or hidden rice fields in the mountains unknown to the lord which allowed the farmers to avoid taxes and become relatively wealthy breeding of koi was promoted as a hobby of farmers who could afford it and high quality individuals came to be bought and sold the name nishikigoi brocaded carp did not exist until the 1910s before that time nishikigoi were called madaragoi 斑鯉 lit spotted carp kawarigoi 変鯉 lit variant carp irogoi 色鯉 lit colored carp moyōgoi 模様鯉 lit patterned carp and so on a geographical book on suruga province present day shizuoka prefecture abe masanobu s sunkoku zasshi 1843 mentions that in addition to asagi purple red and white carp there are spotted carp also known as bekko carp 20 this probably refers to two or three colored carp caused by mutation and is a valuable record of nishikigoi of the edo period 1603 1868 illustration of a three colored carp in ritsurin garden 1900 this is the oldest illustration of koi it has the annotations asagi on its back and red on its belly in 1900 there was a three colored carp in ritsurin garden in takamatsu kagawa prefecture and the price was over 1 000 yen per fish which was a high price for that time 21 the three colored carp had a red belly and asagi light blue back with black spots and is thought to have been a mutation similar to today s asagi koi odd eyed cat and spotted carp from the magazine shonen 1910 the magazine shonen 1910 introduced nishikigoi under the name of madaragoi spotted carp or kawarigoi variant carp and said that even skilled fish breeders did not know how they could produce nishikigoi but only waited for them to be produced by chance 22 the price of nishikigoi at a fish show in fukagawa tokyo was 100 to 150 yen per fish which was extremely expensive at the time therefore even at that time mutant nishikigoi were known to some fish breeders and hobbyists in tokyo but artificial breeds such as nijūmuragō s nishikigoi were still unknown to the general public in 1914 when the tokyo taishō exposition was held the koi exhibit association was formed mainly by koi breeders in higashiyama and takezawa villages and koi were exhibited at the time they were still called colored carp or patterned carp and they were described as the first of their kind ever seen in the tokyo area and the koi received much attention winning a silver medal 23 after the exposition closed they presented eight koi to the crown prince emperor showa this exhibition triggered an expansion of sales channels and the market value of koi soared in 1917 the taishō sanshoku by eizaburo hoshino was fixed as a breed the name nishikigoi is said to have been given by kei abe who was the chief fisheries officer of the niigata prefectural government in the taisho era 1912 1926 after he admired the taishō sanshoku when he first saw it 24 25 in 1917 the fixation of kōhaku by kunizo hiroi which had first been produced in the 1880s was also assured 26 apart from the koi of niigata prefecture s nijūmuragō area there is a variety called shūsui 秋翠 which was created by tokyo based goldfish breeder kichigoro akiyama in 1906 by crossing a female leather carp imported from germany with a male japanese asagi or spotted carp 26 the leather carp is a low scaled variety bred in 1782 in austria and was sent to japan from munich germany in 1904 along with the mirror carp which also has few scales in japan these two varieties are called doitsugoi german carp and shūsui and its lineage are also called doitsu or doitsugoi in koi in 1927 shōwa sanshoku by shigekichi hoshino was fixed as a breed and in 1939 koi were exhibited at the japanese pavilion at the golden gate international exposition held in san francisco 27 today edit the hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide they are sold in many pet aquarium shops with higher quality fish available from specialist dealers 28 29 collecting koi has become a social hobby passionate hobbyists join clubs share their knowledge and help each other with their koi 30 in particular since the 21st century affluent people often from other asian countries have imported large quantities of koi from niigata in japan and the price of high quality carp has soared in 2018 one carp was bought by a chinese collector for about 2 million the highest price ever there are also cases in which purchased carp are bred in china and sold to foreign countries and many breeds are spreading all over the world 31 32 etymology edit koi in an artificial pond at a hotel in hilo the words koi and nishikigoi come from the japanese words 鯉 carp and 錦鯉 brocaded carp respectively in japanese koi is a homophone for 恋 another word that means affection or love so koi are symbols of love and friendship in japan colored ornamental carp were originally called irokoi 色鯉 meaning colored carp hanakoi 花鯉 meaning floral carp and moyōkoi 模様鯉 meaning patterned carp there are various theories as to how these words came to be disused in favor of nishikigoi 錦鯉 which is used today one theory holds that during world war ii the words irokoi and hanakoi which can have sexual meanings were changed to nishikigoi because they were not suitable for the social situation of war another theory is that nishikigoi which was the original name for the popular taishō sanshoku variety gradually became the term used for all ornamental koi 3 genetic origins and taxonomy edit cyprinus haematopterus described from japanese material in fauna japonica cyprinus melanotus upper and cyprinus conirostris lower both described from japanese material in fauna japonica the ancestry of koi is complex and cannot be traced to a single modern wild or domesticated carp population japanese wild type carp traditionally called nogoi 野鯉 lit wild carp or magoi 真鯉 lit true carp have long been discussed in connection with the origin of koi genetic studies have shown that japan has an ancient native carp lineage distinct from eurasian domesticated lineages although introduced eurasian carp and hybrids between the two are now widespread 33 34 based on specimens and drawings collected in japan by the german physician philipp franz von siebold coenraad jacob temminck and hermann schlegel described three nominal species of japanese carp in fauna japonica cyprinus haematopterus c melanotus and c conirostris 35 these names were later treated as synonyms of cyprinus carpio the current eschmeyer s catalog of fishes instead treats all three as synonyms of the east asian carp cyprinus rubrofuscus 36 the name c haematopterus used by temminck and schlegel is also unavailable because the same binomen had already been used in 1820 making the later name a junior primary homonym 36 a japanese research project that examined the type material at the naturalis biodiversity center proposed that the name c melanotus should be applied to the low bodied native japanese lineage the same research found that c haematopterus and some paralectotypes of c conirostris were more deep bodied suggesting that carp derived from continental populations may already have been present in japan by the edo period 37 this proposed use of c melanotus has not been adopted by the current eschmeyer s catalog of fishes which treats it as a synonym of c rubrofuscus 36 nuclear dna studies have also shown a clear genetic difference between typical native japanese carp and introduced eurasian carp in 2012 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms at seven loci were identified that could distinguish the native lake biwa lineage from introduced eurasian strains and help detect hybridization 38 a later analysis of 183 specimens using seven nuclear snp markers found that this genetic difference was also associated with differences in body shape and other morphological features 39 mitochondrial dna studies suggest that koi themselves have more than one maternal origin five mtdna haplotypes were found among koi in a 2005 study and they were scattered across the eurasian carp clade rather than forming a single lineage 33 complete mitochondrial genomes obtained from two japanese koi in a later study were identical to a mitochondrial genome previously reported from the chinese oujiang color carp the same study found that 65 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