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ct us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 ecological impact 2 economic theory 3 by region toggle by region subsection 3 1 africa sahel region 3 2 sub sahara africa 3 3 australia 3 4 caribbean 3 5 new zealand 4 see also 5 references 6 further reading toggle the table of contents overgrazing 25 languages العربية català deutsch esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी bahasa indonesia italiano nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål português română русский simple english தமிழ் tagalog українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia when plants are grazed for extended periods without sufficient recovery time overgrazed area in western new south wales australia by loss of native flora in the upper right corner satellite image of the border between israel and egypt the egyptian side to the left is overgrazed penned goats in an overgrazed landscape norte chico chile huge herd of migratory wildebeest in masai mara during their annual migration shows landscape not overgrazed overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time or without sufficient recovery periods 1 it can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications game reserves or nature reserves it can also be caused by immobile travel restricted populations of native or non native wild animals overgrazing reduces the usefulness productivity and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non native plants and of weeds degrading land emissions from animal agriculture and reducing the biomass in an ecosystem contribute directly to climate change 2 between grazing events ecological impact edit further information land degradation overgrazing typically increases soil erosion 3 with continued overutilization of land for grazing there is an increase in degradation this leads to poor soil conditions that only xeric and early successional species can tolerate 4 a meta analysis of 148 studies found that the value of most ecosystem functions declines with increasing grazing intensity and that increasing aridity weakens positive impacts of light grazing 5 native plant grass species both individual bunch grasses and in grasslands are especially vulnerable for example excessive browsing by white tailed deer can lead to the growth of less preferred species of grasses and ferns or non native plant species 6 that can potentially displace native woody plants decreasing the biodiversity 7 8 economic theory edit main article common land overgrazing is used as an example in the economic concept now known as the tragedy of the commons devised in a 1968 paper by garrett hardin 9 this cited the work of a victorian economist who used as an example the over grazing of common land hardin s example could only apply to unregulated use of land regarded as a common resource normally rights of use of common land in england and wales were and still are closely regulated and available only to commoners if excessive use was made of common land for example in overgrazing a common would be stinted that is a limit would be put on the number of animals each commoner was allowed to graze these regulations were responsive to demographic and economic pressure thus rather than let a common become degraded access was restricted even further this important part of actual historic practice was absent from the economic model of hardin 10 in reality the use of common land in england and wales was a triumph of conserving a scarce resource using agreed custom and practice by region edit africa sahel region edit there have been overgrazing consequences in the sahel region the violent herder farmer conflicts in nigeria mali sudan and other countries in the sahel region have been exacerbated by land degradation and overgrazing 11 12 see 2010 sahel famine sub sahara africa edit various countries in sub sahara africa are affected by overgrazing and resulting ecological effects in namibia overgrazing is considered the main cause of woody plant encroachment at the expenses of grasses on a land area of up to 45 million hectares australia edit in many arid zones in australia overgrazing by sheep and cattle during the 19th century as pastoralism was introduced by european settlers caused many long lived species of trees and shrubs to give way to short lived annual plants and weed species introduced feral rabbits cats and foxes exacerbated the threat to both flora and fauna many bird species have become extinct or endangered and many of the medium sized desert mammals are now completely extinct or only exist on a few islands of australia 13 overgrazing can also occur with native species in the australian capital territory the local government in 2013 authorised a cull of 1455 kangaroos due to overgrazing 14 maisie carr 1912 1988 ecologist and botanist undertook significant research and studies in overgrazing and established consequences on the surrounding land in australia caribbean edit in the caribbean region overgrazing is a threat to vegetation areas where there is livestock farming which is an important source of livelihood and food security for many people a combination of small scale livestock farming with small ruminants and mixed farming is practised however livestock consume vegetation faster than it can be renewed and this leads to land degradation loss of vegetative areas and soil erosion resulting in poor quality feed and reduced livestock yields and income also these grazing lands are critical in controlling carbon dioxide and mitigating risks against severe weather such as floods and droughts overgrazing weakens ecological conservation 15 new zealand edit in new zealand overgrazing is a massive threat to the native species of flora and fauna especially the native bushes which are often overlooked by invasive species looking for homes 16 mustelids rabbits hares and possums often eat the plants that hold soil together this makes the ground very unstable and crumbly if soil is unstable it is prone to collapse in extreme weather events such as floods and heavy rain this is detrimental to farmers of crops and animals alike 40 of the native species of new zealand have been wiped out by pests including humans 17 see also edit cultured meat desertification land degradation references edit mysterud atle 2006 the concept of overgrazing and its role in management of large herbivores wildlife biology 12 2 129 141 doi 10 2981 0909 6396 2006 12 129 tcooai 2 0 co 2 issn 0909 6396 s2cid 55599448 the relationship between overgrazing and the us environment arcgis storymaps 13 march 2020 retrieved 2021 03 20 c michael hogan 2009 overgrazing archived 2010 07 11 at the wayback machine encyclopedia of earth sidney draggan topic ed cutler j cleveland ed washington d c national council for science and the environment fuls e r 1992 ecosystem modification created by patch overgrazing in semi arid grassland journal of arid environments 23 1 59 69 bibcode 1992jaren 23 59f doi 10 1016 s0140 1963 18 30541 x niu weiling ding jingyi fu bojie zhao wenwu eldridge david 2025 02 01 global effects of livestock grazing on ecosystem functions vary with grazing management and environment agriculture ecosystems environment 378 109296 bibcode 2025agee 37809296n doi 10 1016 j agee 2024 109296 issn 0167 8809 côté s d rooney t p tremblay j p dussault c waller d m 2004 ecological impacts of deer overabundance annu rev ecol evol syst 35 113 147 baiser b lockwood j l la puma d aronson m f 2008 a perfect storm two ecosystem engineers interact to degrade deciduous forests of new jersey biological invasions 10 6 785 795 horsley s b stout s l decalesta d s 2003 white tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest ecological applications 13 1 98 118 garrett hardin december 13 1968 the tragedy of the commons science vol 162 no 3859 pp 1243 1248 also available here and here susan jane buck cox spring 1985 no tragedy on the commons journal of environmental ethics vol 7 the deadliest conflict you ve never heard of foreign policy 23 january 2019 the battle on the frontline of climate change in mali bbc news 22 january 2019 arid recovery roxby downs south australia emr project summaries 15 march 2016 retrieved 27 october 2020 act territory and municipal services directorate media releases kangaroo conservation cull to go ahead act territory and municipal services directorate government of the australian capital territory 2013 07 10 archived from the original on 2020 07 02 retrieved 2021 06 12 caribbean islands threats cepf www cepf net retrieved 2024 04 08 our environment 2025 land report ministry for the environment new zealand 2025 retrieved march 5 2026 towns d r daugherty charles h 1994 01 01 patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the new zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation new zealand journal of zoology 21 4 325 339 doi 10 1080 03014223 1994 9518003 issn 0301 4223 further reading edit gonner e c k 1912 common land and inclosure london macmillan co v t e human impact on the environment general anthropocene ecological footprint environmental impact assessment environmental issues list of issues human impact on marine life list of global issues impact assessment planetary boundaries social ecology ethics causes causes of climate change agriculture animal agriculture cannabis cultivation irrigation meat production cocoa production palm oil us bitcoin ai corporate behavior deforestation and climate change energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity energy fashion fracking us nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs transportation genetic pollution environmental crime explosives industrialisation land use manufacturing cleaning agents concrete fashion plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care marine life fishing fishing down the food web marine pollution overfishing mining overconsumption groundwater depletion overexploitation overgrazing particulates pollution quarrying reservoirs tourism transportation aviation rail roads shipping urbanization urban sprawl war effects biodiversity threats biodiversity loss decline in amphibian populations decline in insect populations climate change runaway climate change in the united states defaunation deforestation desertification ecocide ecological crisis effects of climate change on agriculture effects of climate change multiple breadbasket failure effects of climate change on livestock environmental degradation environmental insecurity environmental issues in the united states coral reefs erosion externalities of cars externality forest dieback freshwater cycle greenhouse gas emissions habitat destruction holocene extinction nitrogen cycle land consumption land degradation land surface effects on climate loss and damage climate change loss of green belts ocean acidification ozone depletion phosphorus cycle resource depletion technofossilization tropical cyclones and climate change water degradation water pollution water scarcity mitigation alternative fuel vehicle propulsion bioswale birth control blue roof cleaner production climate change mitigation community resilience cultured meat cycling advocacy decoupling ecological engineering ecological restoration environmental engineering environmental mitigation 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sustainable agriculture sustainable food system universities and colleges urban agriculture history west asia ancient egypt ancient greece ancient rome austronesia agricultural science agricultural history review arab agricultural revolution argentina canada china chile columbian exchange green revolution indian subcontinent mesoamerica middle ages neolithic revolution organic farming palestine peru united kingdom british agricultural revolution cheshire scotland united states african american california farming types agrivoltaic aquaculture cattle cannabis cultivation dairy farming desert farming dryland farming fur farming goat farming grazing convertible husbandry rotational grazing transhumance hydroponics insect farming livestock pasture mixed monoculture paddy field pastoral bocage pig farming poultry farming ranch rainfed agriculture orchards subsistence agriculture sheep farming terrace wildlife farming environmental impact agricultural expansion agricultural pollution 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