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arrived in sète 34 haganah issued them with 2 000 forged passports with visas for colombia with which french immigration officers allowed them to embark on president warfield each passport was used more than once in the same boarding with a crewman collecting them and passing them back to refugees still waiting in the queue haganah secured the immigration officers co operation with bottles of alcohol and a group of jewish young women to keep them occupied 35 according to israeli historian aviva halamish the ship was never meant to sneak out toward the shores of palestine but rather to burst openly through the blockade by dodging and swiftly nipping through beaching herself on a sand bank and letting off her cargo of immigrants at the beach the ship was too large and unusual to go unnoticed even as people began boarding the ship at the port of sète near montpellier a royal air force aircraft circled overhead and a royal navy warship waited a short distance out at sea 32 hms mermaid which shadowed exodus 1947 on the first part of her voyage to palestine president warfield left sète sometime between two and four in the morning of july 11 1947 36 claiming to be bound for istanbul 37 she carried 4 515 refugees including 1 600 men 1 282 women and 1 017 young people and 655 teenagers 34 38 palmach haganah s military wing captain ike aronowicz was her captain 39 and haganah commissioner yossi harel commanded the operation 40 the ship was manned by a crew of some 35 volunteers mostly american jews 41 all aliyah bet ships were renamed with hebrew names designed to inspire and rally the jews of palestine on july 17 mossad lealiyah bet renamed the ship exodus 1947 and in hebrew yetz iat sic tasbaz or yetzi at eiropa tashaz flight from europe 5707 after the biblical jewish exodus from egypt to canaan and the refugees raised a flag with the star of david the name was proposed by israeli politician and military figure moshe sneh who at the time was in charge of illegal migration for the jewish agency the name was later described by israel s second prime minister moshe sharett then shertok as a stroke of genius a name which by itself says more than anything which has ever been written about it 42 hms cheviot which relieved hms mermaid as the ship left port the sloop hms mermaid and raf aircraft shadowed her later the destroyer hms cheviot relieved mermaid 36 each day during the voyage the royal navy ship shadowing her came within hailing distance of exodus 1947 and asked whether she was carrying any migrants to palestine instead of answering the question exodus 1947 responded by playing one of edward elgar s pomp and circumstance marches over her public address system 43 exodus 1947 carried enough supplies to last two weeks passengers were given cooked meals hot drinks soup and one liter of drinking water daily they washed in salt water the ship had only 13 lavatories a british military doctor inspecting the ship after the battle said that it was badly over crowded but that hygiene was satisfactory and the ship appeared well prepared to cope with casualties several babies were born during the week long journey one woman paula abramowitz died in childbirth her infant son died a few weeks later in haifa 44 interception edit hms childers seen from exodus 1947 during the journey the people aboard exodus 1947 prepared to be intercepted the ship was divided into sections crewed by different groups and each practiced resistance sessions 45 her defences were augmented with sandbags around her wheelhouse and chicken wire along her upper decks small arms were issued to key personnel as exodus 1947 neared palestinian territorial waters her royal navy escort was increased to five destroyers and two minesweepers led by the light cruiser hms ajax 46 at about 0200 hrs on july 18 about 20 nautical miles 40 km from the palestinian coast two royal navy destroyers came alongside exodus 1947 one either side converged on her and jammed her between them the destroyer hms childers struck exodus 1947 s port side holing on her saloon deck above the waterline exodus 1947 released her liferafts to fall onto the decks of the two destroyers the destroyers dropped gangways onto exodus 1947 and sent a boarding party of 50 royal marines armed with clubs and tear gas onto the packet boat 47 helmeted members of the royal navy boarding party aboard exodus 1947 passengers and haganah members aboard resisted the marines 48 the second officer an american machal volunteer bill bernstein 49 died from a skull fracture after being clubbed in the wheelhouse two passengers died of gunshot wounds two british sailors were treated afterwards for fractured scapula and one for a head injury and lacerated ear and 146 others were injured 50 about 10 exodus 1947 passengers and crew were treated for mild injuries resulting from the boarding and about 200 were treated for illnesses and maladies unrelated to it 51 close up of exodus 1947 just after her arrival in haifa showing some of the damage she sustained when the two destroyers intercepted her due to the high public profile of exodus 1947 the british government decided to deport the migrants back to france foreign secretary ernest bevin suggested this and the request was relayed to general sir alan cunningham high commissioner for palestine 52 who agreed with the plan after consulting the navy 53 before then intercepted migrants were placed in internment camps on cyprus which was at the time a british colony this new policy was meant to be a signal to both the jewish community and the european countries which assisted immigration that whoever they sent to palestine would be sent back to them not only should it clearly establish the principle of refoulement as applies to a complete shipload of immigrants but it will be most discouraging to the organisers of this traffic if the immigrants end up by returning whence they came 52 repatriation edit attempted return to france edit british troops putting jewish refugees aboard empire rival the royal navy brought exodus 1947 into haifa where her passengers were transferred to three larger and more seaworthy ships for deportation empire rival ocean vigour and runnymede park 54 members of the united nations special committee on palestine unscop witnessed the transfer 55 the three ships left haifa on july 19 for port de bouc near marseille foreign secretary bevin insisted that the french get their ship back as well as its passengers 52 when the ships arrived at port de bouc on august 2 the french government said it would allow disembarkation of the passengers only if it was voluntary on their part haganah agents both on board the ships and using launches with loudspeakers encouraged the passengers not to disembark 56 thus the migrants refused to disembark 54 and the french refused to cooperate with british attempts at forced disembarkation this left the british with the option of returning the passengers to germany realizing that they were not bound for cyprus the migrants conducted a 24 day hunger strike and refused to cooperate with the british authorities media coverage of the contest of wills put pressure on britain to find a solution the matter was reported to the unscop members who had been deliberating in geneva for three weeks the refugees on the ships held firm in difficult conditions rejecting offers of alternative destinations britain concluded that the only option was to send the jews to camps in the british controlled zone of post war germany operation oasis edit the ships went from marseille to hamburg which was then in the british occupation zone britain realized that returning the refugees to camps in germany would elicit a public outcry but germany was the only territory under british control that could immediately accommodate so many people 57 britain s position was summed up by john coulson a diplomat at the british embassy in paris in a message to the foreign office in london in august 1947 you will realize that an announcement of decision to send immigrants back to germany will produce violent hostile outburst in the press our opponents in france and i dare say in other countries have made great play with the fact that these immigrants were being kept behind barbed wire in concentration camps and guarded by germans 58 coulson advised that britain apply as best they could a counter spin to the story if we decide it is convenient not to keep them in camps any longer i suggest that we should make some play that we are releasing them from all restraint of this kind in accordance with their wishes and that they were only put in such accommodation for the preliminary necessities of screening and maintenance 59 the mission of bringing the jewish refugees of exodus 1947 back to germany was known in diplomatic and military circles as operation oasis 57 disembarkation in germany edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2016 learn how and when to remove this message on august 22 a foreign office cable warned diplomats that they should be ready to emphatically deny that the jews would be housed in former concentration camps in germany and that german guards would not be used to keep the jews in the refugee camps it further added that british guards would be withdrawn once the jews were screened british troops disembarking refugees from empire rival on september 7 empire rival ocean vigour and runnymede park reached hamburg where the migrants were successfully disembarked 54 relations between the british personnel on the ships and the passengers were afterwards said by the passengers to have been mostly amicable 60 everyone realized there was going to be trouble at the forced disembarkation and some of the jewish passengers apologized in advance a number were injured in confrontations with british troops that involved the use of batons and fire hoses the passengers were sent back to displaced persons camps in am stau near lübeck and pöppendorf although most of the women and children disembarked voluntarily the men had to be carried off by force the british identified runnymede park as the ship most likely to suffer resistance a confidential report of the time noted it was known that the jews on the runnymede park were under the leadership of a young capable and energetic fanatic morenci miry rosman and throughout the operation it had been realised that this ship might give trouble 100 royal military police and 200 soldiers of the sherwood foresters were ordered aboard to eject the jewish migrants british soldiers forcibly disembarking morenci rosman from runnymede park in hamburg the officer in charge of the operation lt col gregson later gave a frank assessment of the operation which left up to 33 jews including four women injured 68 jews were held in custody to be put on trial for unruly behaviour only three soldiers were hurt gregson later admitted that he had considered using tear gas against the migrants he concluded the jew is liable to panic and 800 900 jews fighting to get up a stairway to escape tear smoke could have produced a deplorable business it is a very frightening thing to go into the hold full of yelling maniacs when outnumbered six or eight to one describing the assault the officer wrote to his superiors after a very short pause with a lot of yelling and female screams every available weapon up to a biscuit and bulks of timber was hurled at the soldiers they withstood it admirably and very stoically till the jews assaulted and in the first rush several soldiers were downed with half a dozen jews on top kicking and tearing no other troops could have done it as well and as humanely as these british ones did it should be borne in mind that the guiding factor in most of the actions of the jews is to gain the sympathy of the world press royal military police escorting a refugee along the railway platform at poppendorf germany one of the official observers who witnessed the violence was dr noah barou secretary of the british section of the world jewish congress who described young soldiers beating holocaust survivors as a terrible mental picture they went into the operation as a football match and it seemed evident that they had not had it explained to them that they were dealing with people who had suffered a lot and who are resisting in accordance with their convictions people were usually hit in the stomach and this in my opinion explains that many people who did not show any signs of injury were staggering and moving very slowly along the staircase giving the impression that they were half starved and beaten up when the people walked off the ship many of them especially younger people were shouting to the troops hitler commandos gentleman fascists sadists one young girl came to the top of the stairs and shouted to the soldiers i am from dachau and when they did not react she shouted hitler commandos the british denied using excessive force yet conceded that in one case a jew was dragged down the gangway by the feet with his head bumping on the wooden slats a homemade bomb with a timed fuse was found aboard empire rival it was apparently set to detonate after the jews had been removed 61 camp conditions edit rabbi shlomo zev zweigenhaft center with hat speaking to captain ike aronowicz of the exodus left outside a nissen hut during a visit to a dp camp in poppendorf the treatment of the refugees at the camps caused an international outcry after it was alleged that the conditions could be likened to german concentration camps citation needed dr barou was once again on hand to witness events he reported that conditions at camp poppendorf were poor and that it was being run by a german camp commandant that was denied by the british it turned out that barou s reports had been untrue there was no german commandant or guards but there were german staff carrying out duties inside the camp in accordance with the standard british military practice of using locally employed civilians for non security related duties but the jewish allegations of cruel and insensitive treatment would not go away and on october 6 1947 the foreign office sent a telegram to the british commanders in the region demanding to know whether the camps really were surrounded with barbed wire and guarded by german staff final destination edit a telegram written by jewish leaders of the camps on october 20 1947 makes clear the wishes and determination of the refugees to find a home in palestine nothing will deter us from palestine which jail we go to is up to you the british we did not ask you to reduce our rations we did not ask you to put us in poppendorf and am stau the would be migrants to palestine were housed in nissen huts and tents at poppendorf and am stau but inclement weather made the tents unsuitable the dps were then moved in november 1947 to sengwarden near wilhelms...
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