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negeri, maulana, malik, ibrahim, fusha, amiya, مقارنة, خوريمقارنة, خوري, abdul, mukhlis, 219917900, 24865, ajas, v5i1, 195, tensions, fushâ, âmiyya, riham, shendy, 123, 150474487, 17507, tpls, 0902, limitations, unspoken, documentation, identifier, garc, ebsco, services, brown, keith, ogilve, sarah, elsevier, 0080877747, concise, 28th, spelled, amiyya, amiyah, ammiyah, amiyyah, ammiyyah, teaching, disambiguation, placement, accent, extremely, nowhere, recognizable, cacac, ˈʒbəl, ǧabal, جَبَل, vccvcv, makˈtaba, presumed, pattern, disagreement, developments, monastir, sfax, o̞ː, e̞ː, did, develop, phonemically, postulated, attempt, handle, requires, assuming, attempted, autonomous, eliminate, asserted, property, whole, none, proposals, seems, tenable, unpredictable, fronted, tolerate, shortens, occurrence, elision, undergo, vcvcv, ignoring, permitted, cluster, broken, insertion, goes, converted, labialization, schwa, obscuring, split, hand, spreads, nearest, complications, complex, rounded, marrakesh, length, syllabified, sonority, hierarchy, subdialects, tell, syllabic, peaks, phrase, fem, xəssək, təktəb, xəssk, ətkətb, xsˤsˤk, tktbi, uniformly, substituted, ccəc, single, allophonically, environments, weaker, velarized, allāh, aɫɫaː, الله, causes, pharyngeal, fricative, partial, powerful, sides, former, causing, near, reflect, complicated, predictable, furthermore, relational, preceding, expected, ijja, minimally, lip, rounding, stop, lightly, aspirated, alveolar, unaspirated, velarization, glottal, closure, devoiced, cairene, residue, applies, etymological, give, taħħa, tagħha, bitaʕ̞ħa, bitaħħa, bitaʕha, affricated, instance, emerged, thanks, replaces, affricates, remains
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rent varieties to be separate languages while others such as the library of congress consider them all to be dialects of arabic 4 in terms of sociolinguistics a major distinction exists between the formal standardized language found mostly in writing or in prepared speech and the widely diverging vernaculars used for everyday speaking situations the latter vary from country to country from speaker to speaker according to personal preferences education and culture and depending on the topic and situation in other words arabic in its natural environment usually occurs in a situation of diglossia which means that its native speakers often learn and use two linguistic forms substantially different from each other the modern standard arabic msa as the official language and a local colloquial variety called العامية al ʿāmmiyya in many arab countries note 1 meaning slang or colloquial or called الدارجة ad dārija meaning common or everyday language in the maghreb 8 in different aspects of their lives this situation is often compared in western literature to the latin language which maintained a cultured variant and several vernacular versions for centuries until it disappeared as a spoken language while derived romance languages became new languages such as italian catalan aragonese occitan french arpitan spanish galician portuguese asturleonese romanian and more the regionally prevalent variety is learned as the speaker s first language whilst the formal language is subsequently learned in school while vernacular varieties differ substantially fuṣḥa فصحى the formal register is standardized and universally understood by those literate in arabic 9 linguists often make a distinction between classical arabic and modern standard arabic while speakers of arabic colloquially do not differentiate ca and msa as different varieties 9 the largest differences between the classical standard and the colloquial arabic are the loss of grammatical case a different and strict word order the loss of the previous system of grammatical mood along with the evolution of a new system the loss of the inflected passive voice except in a few relic varieties restriction in the use of the dual number and for most varieties the loss of the distinctive conjugation and agreement for feminine plurals many arabic dialects maghrebi arabic in particular also have significant vowel shifts and unusual consonant clusters unlike other dialect groups in the maghrebi arabic group first person singular verbs begin with a n ن further substantial differences exist between bedouin and sedentary speech the countryside and major cities ethnic groups religious groups social classes men and women and the young and the old these differences are to some degree bridgeable often arabic speakers can adjust their speech in a variety of ways according to the context and to their intentions for example to speak with people from different regions to demonstrate their level of education or to draw on the authority of the spoken language in terms of typological classification arabic dialectologists distinguish between two basic norms bedouin and sedentary this is based on a set of phonological morphological and syntactic characteristics that distinguish between these two norms however it is not really possible to maintain this classification partly because the modern dialects especially urban variants typically amalgamate features from both norms geographically modern arabic varieties are classified into five groups maghrebi egyptian including egyptian and sudanese mesopotamian levantine and peninsular arabic 2 10 speakers from distant areas across national borders within countries and even between cities and villages can struggle to understand each other s dialects 11 classification edit geographical distribution of the varieties of arabic excluding judeo arabic per ethnologue and other sources 1 hassaniyya 2 moroccan arabic 3 algerian 4 algerian arabic 5 tunisian arabic 6 libyan arabic 7 egyptian arabic 8 eastern egyptian bedawi arabic 9 saidi arabic 10 chadian arabic 11 sudanese arabic 12 juba arabic 13 najdi arabic 14 levantine arabic 15 north mesopotamian arabic 16 mesopotamian arabic 17 gulf arabic 18 baharna arabic 19 hijazi arabic 20 shihhi arabic 21 omani arabic 22 dhofari arabic 23 sanaani arabic 24 ta izzi adeni arabic 25 hadrami arabic 26 uzbeki arabic 27 bactrian arabic 28 cypriot arabic 29 maltese 30 nubi sparsely populated area or no indigenous arabic speakers solid area fill variety natively spoken by at least 25 of the population of that area or variety indigenous to that area only hatched area fill minority scattered over the area dotted area fill speakers of this variety are mixed with speakers of other arabic varieties in the area regional varieties edit the greatest variations between kinds of arabic are those between regional language groups arabic dialectologists formerly distinguished between just two groups the mashriqi eastern dialects east of libya which includes the dialects of arabian peninsula mesopotamia levant egypt sudan and the maghrebi western dialects which includes the dialects of north africa maghreb west of egypt 12 the mutual intelligibility is high within each of those two groups while the intelligibility between the two groups is asymmetric maghrebi speakers are more likely to understand mashriqi than vice versa citation needed arab dialectologists have now adopted a more detailed classification for modern variants of the language which is divided into five major groups peninsular mesopotamian levantine egypto sudanic or nile valley including egyptian and sudanese and maghrebi 2 11 these large regional groups do not correspond to borders of modern states in the western parts of the arab world varieties are referred to as الدارجة ad dārija and in the eastern parts as العامية al ʿāmmiyya nearby varieties of arabic are mostly mutually intelligible but faraway varieties tend not to be varieties west of egypt are particularly disparate with egyptian arabic speakers claiming difficulty in understanding north african arabic speakers while north african arabic speakers ability to understand other arabic speakers is mostly due to the widespread popularity of egyptian and levantine popular media for example syrian or lebanese tv shows this phenomenon is called asymmetric intelligibility one factor in the differentiation of the varieties is the influence from other languages mainly other afroasiatic languages previously spoken or still presently spoken in the regions such as ancient egyptian or coptic in egypt aramaic in the levant aramaic akkadian and persian in mesopotamia iraq 13 14 berber spanish french and italian in the maghreb himyaritic modern south arabian and old south arabian in yemen maghrebi group edit maghrebi dialects are influenced by the berber languages as well as spanish french and italian due to these countries long colonization of the region koines moroccan arabic الدارجة مغربية maḡribiyya dārija iso 639 3 ary algerian arabic الدارجة دزيرية dzīriyya dārja iso 639 3 arq tunisian arabic الدارجة تونسي tūnsi dērja iso 639 3 aeb libyan arabic الدارجة ليبي lībi dārja iso 639 3 ayl pre hilalian ceuta arabic العربية السبتية jebli arabic jijel arabic pre hilalian urban arabic fessi arabic siculo arabic صقلي sīqīlli extinct in sicily iso 639 3 sqr maltese iso 639 3 mlt bedouin algerian saharan arabic iso 639 3 aao hassaniya arabic iso 639 3 mey andalusian arabic أندلسي andalūsi extinct in iberia surviving among andalusi communities in morocco and algeria iso 639 3 xaa sudanese group edit sudanese dialects are influenced by the various nubian languages and the beja language sudanese arabic سوداني sūdāni iso 639 3 apd juba arabic iso 639 3 pga turku arabic pidgin egyptian group edit egyptian dialects are mainly influenced by the coptic language egyptian arabic مصرى maṣri iso 639 3 arz sa idi arabic صعيدى ṣaʿīdi iso 639 3 aec chadian group edit chadian dialects are mainly influenced by local languages spoken in chad and by french to a lesser extent chadian arabic iso 639 3 shu spoken by nomadic arab tribes across chad niger nigeria and parts of sudan mesopotamian group edit the two mesopotamian dialects spoken in iraq and north east syria are influenced by the various ancient mesopotamian languages mainly sumerian akkadian and eastern aramaic as well as persian and ottoman turkish north mesopotamian qeltu varieties iso 639 3 acy judeo iraqi arabic iso 639 3 yhd baghdad jewish arabic anatolian arabic south mesopotamian gilit varieties marsh arabic baghdadi arabic iso 639 3 acm khuzestani arabic shawi arabic levantine group edit levantine varieties iso 639 3 apc are influenced by aramaic and to a lesser extent ottoman turkish greek persian and french due to the french mandate cilician arabic القيليقية jordanian arabic الأردنية lebanese arabic اللبنانية palestinian arabic الفلسطينية fellahi arabic الفلاحي madani arabic المدني syrian arabic السورية damascene arabic الدمشقية aleppo arabic الحلبية peninsular group edit the varieties of the arabian peninsula are influenced by the south arabian languages najdi arabic نجدي najdi iso 639 3 ars gulf arabic خليجي ḵalīji iso 639 3 afb bahrani arabic بحراني baḥrāni iso 639 3 abv hejazi arabic حجازي ḥijāzi iso 639 3 acw yemeni arabic يمني yamani hadhrami arabic حضرمي ḥaḍrami iso 639 3 ayh indonesian arabic إندونيسيا iindunisia mozambican arabic or also from the omani branch sanʽani arabic iso 639 3 ayn taʽizzi adeni arabic iso 639 3 acq tihamiyya arabic yāfiʿī arabic omani arabic عماني ʿumāni iso 639 3 acx dhofari arabic iso 639 3 adf shihhi arabic شحّي šiḥḥi iso 639 3 ssh bareqi arabic bedawi arabic البدوية badawi bdiwi iso 639 3 avl peripheries edit central asian arabic bactrian arabic iso 639 3 abh uzbeki arabic iso 639 3 auz khorasani arabic shirvani arabic jewish varieties edit jewish varieties are influenced by the hebrew and aramaic languages though they have features similar to each other they are not a homogeneous unit and still belong philologically to the same family groupings as their non judeo counterpart varieties judeo arabic iso 639 3 jrb judeo algerian judeo egyptian judeo iraqi iso 639 3 yhd judeo baghdadi judeo lebanese judeo moroccan iso 639 3 aju judeo syrian judeo tripolitanian iso 639 3 yud judeo tunisian judeo yemeni iso 639 3 jye modern palestinian judeo arabic creoles and pidgins edit main article arabic based pidgins and creoles there have been a number of arabic based pidgins and creoles throughout history including a number of new ones emerging today these may be broadly divided into the sudanic pidgins and creoles which share a common ancestry and incipient immigrant pidgins creoles edit nubi iso 639 3 kcn pidgins edit maridi arabic مريدي mridi bongor arabic diglossic variety edit modern standard arabic iso 639 3 arb language mixing and change edit see also code switching koiné language pidgin creole language communication accommodation theory prestige sociolinguistics and dialect levelling arabic is characterized by a wide number of varieties however arabic speakers are often able to manipulate the way they speak based on the circumstances there can be a number of motives for changing one s speech the formality of a situation the need to communicate with people with different dialects to get social approval to differentiate oneself from the listener when citing a written text to differentiate between personal and professional or general matters to clarify a point and to shift to a new topic 15 an important factor in the mixing or changing of arabic is the concept of a prestige dialect this refers to the level of respect accorded to a language or dialect within a speech community the formal arabic language carries a considerable prestige in most arabic speaking communities depending on the context this is not the only source of prestige though 16 many studies have shown that for most speakers there is a prestige variety of vernacular arabic in egypt for non cairenes the prestige dialect is cairo arabic for jordanian women from bedouin or rural background it may be the urban dialects of the big cities especially including the capital amman 17 moreover in certain contexts a dialect relatively different from formal arabic may carry more prestige than a dialect closer to the formal language this is the case in bahrain for example 18 language mixes and changes in different ways arabic speakers often use more than one variety of arabic within a conversation or even a sentence this process is referred to as code switching for example a woman on a tv program could appeal to the authority of the formal language by using elements of it in her speech in order to prevent other speakers from cutting her off another process at work is leveling the elimination of very localised dialectical features in favour of more regionally general ones this can affect all linguistic levels semantic syntactic phonological etc 19 the change can be temporary as when a group of speakers with substantially different arabics communicate or it can be permanent as often happens when people from the countryside move to the city and adopt the more prestigious urban dialect possibly over a couple of generations this process of accommodation sometimes appeals to the formal language but often does not for example villagers in central palestine may try to use the dialect of jerusalem rather than their own when speaking with people with substantially different dialects particularly since they may have a very weak grasp of the formal language 20 in another example groups of educated speakers from different regions will often use dialectical forms that represent a middle ground between their dialects rather than trying to use the formal language to make communication easier and more comprehensible for example to express the existential there is as in there is a place where arabic speakers have access to many different words iraq and kuwait aku egypt the levant and most of the arabian peninsula fiː tunisia famːa morocco and algeria kajn yemen beh modern standard arabic hunaːk in this case fiː is most likely to be used as it is not associated with a particular region and is the closest to a dialectical middle ground for this group of speakers moreover given the prevalence of movies and tv shows in egyptian arabic the speakers are all likely to be familiar with it 21 iraqi kuwaiti aku levantine fīh and north african kayn all evolve from classical arabic forms yakūn fīhi kā in respectively but now sound different sometimes a certain dialect may be associated with backwardness and does not carry mainstream prestige yet it will continue to be used as it carries a kind of covert prestige and serves to differentiate one group from another when necessary sedentary and nomadic varieties edit a basic distinction that cuts across the entire geography of the arabic speaking world is between sedentary and nomadic varieties often mis...
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