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beneventan script wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 features 2 references 3 further reading 4 external links toggle the table of contents beneventan script 12 languages català čeština deutsch esperanto español français hrvatski italiano latina nederlands polski русский edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia medieval script developed in southern italy rule of st benedict written at monte cassino in the late 11th century the beneventan script was a medieval script that originated in the duchy of benevento in southern italy in the past it has also been called langobarda longobarda longobardisca signifying its origins in the territories ruled by the lombards or sometimes gothica it was first called beneventan by palaeographer e a lowe it is mostly associated with italy south of rome but it was also used in beneventan influenced centres across the adriatic sea in dalmatia the script was used from approximately the mid 8th century until the 13th century although there are examples from as late as the 16th century there were two major centres of beneventan usage the monastery on monte cassino and bari the bari type developed in the 10th century from the monte cassino type both were based on roman cursive as written by the langobards in general the script is very angular according to lowe the perfected form of the script was used in the 11th century while desiderius was abbot of monte cassino declining thereafter features edit beneventan features many ligatures and connecting strokes the letters of a word could be joined together by a single line with forms almost unrecognizable to a modern eye 1 ligatures may be obligatory as ei gi li ri and ti two different forms ti dura where t had kept the t sound and ti assibilata where t had taken the vulgar ts sound they may be optional frequent as et ae and st or rare as ta to and xp 2 ligatures involving the letter t resemble late new latin cursive as in the merovingian and visigothic 2 exception made for peculiar st ligature where s is connected to t on top influencing later on the german pre caroline script and all the script from this derived until nowadays 3 in ligatures t can take many forms depending on the letter joined to it ligatures with the letters e and r are also common in early forms of beneventan the letter a has an open top similar to the letter u later it resembled cc or oc with long tails hanging to the right in the bari type the letter c often has a broken form resembling the beneventan form of the letter e however e itself has a very long middle arm distinguishing it from c the letter d can have a vertical or left slanting ascender the letter g resembles the uncial form and the letter i is very tall and resembles l the script has a unique way to signify abbreviations both by omission and contraction like most other latin scripts missing letters can be signified by a macron over the previous letter although beneventan often adds a dot to the macron there is also a symbol resembling the digit 3 or a sideways m when the letter m has been omitted in other scripts there is often little or no punctuation but standard punctuation forms were developed for the beneventan script including the basis for the modern question mark beneventan shares some features with visigothic and merovingian script probably due to the common late roman matrix references edit hudson john the beneventan memory tiro typeworks retrieved 25 august 2025 1 2 the scriptorium and library at monte cassino 1058 1105 francis newton fonts for latin paleography 4th ed juan josé marcos further reading edit francesco bianchi antonio magi spinetti bmb bibliografia dei manoscritti in scrittura beneventana rom 1993 ff giulio battelli beneventana scritture e miniatura in enciclopedia cattolica ii città del vaticano 1949 p 1617 1618 virginia brown a second new list of beneventan manuscripts in studi medievali 40 1978 p 239 289 guglielmo cavallo rotoli di exultet dell italia meridionale bari 1973 guglielmo cavallo struttura e articolazione della minuscola beneventana tra i secoli x xii in studi medievali 3 ser 11 1970 p 343 368 alfonso gallo contributo allo studio delle scritture meridionali nell alto medio evo in bulletino dell istituto storico italiano 47 1931 s 333 350 elias avery lowe the beneventan script a history of the south italian minuscule oxford 1914 elias avery lowe scriptura beneventana a history of the south italian minuscule 2 vol oxford 1929 elias avery lowe a new list of beneventan manuscripts in collectanea vaticana in honorem a m card albareda città del vaticano1962 studi e testi 220 p 211 244 ders palaographical papers ii oxford 1972 p 417 479 elias avery loew lowe the beneventan script 2 bde 2 aufl rom 1978 1980 francis newton fifty years of beneventan studies in afd 50 2004 p 327 346 viktor novak scriptura beneventana zagreb 1920 external links edit fonts for latin paleography user s manual 6th edition a manual of latin paleography a comprehensive pdf file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated 4 january 2024 bibliography of beneventan manuscripts v t e types of handwritten european scripts ancient and medieval armenian roman rustic uncial visigothic merovingian carolingian insular script beneventan blackletter rotunda bastarda georgian greek early cyrillic ustav poluustav serbian cyrillic bosančica glagolitic angular court hand lombardic modern cursive chancery johannine humanist italic round secretary library technical lettering copperplate spencerian ronde kurrent russian cursive skoropis ukrainian skoropys shorthand teaching scripts barchowsky fluent handwriting d nealian getty dubay italic grundschrift palmer sütterlin vereinfachte ausgangsschrift zaner bloser v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille authority control databases international gnd national france bnf data spain other idref retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title beneventan_script oldid 1307766907 categories latin script calligraphy medieval scripts duchy of benevento western calligraphy hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 25 august 2025 at 15 39 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia 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