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andating a single house legislature and also introducing non partisan elections where members do not stand as members of political parties 38 39 government was heavily dominated by men but there were a few niche roles for women for example nellie newmark 1888 1978 was the clerk of the district court at lincoln for a half century 1907 56 she gained a reputation for assisting judges and new attorneys assigned to the court 40 regulation of industry edit with no cohesive federal protective legislation nebraska s live stock sanitary commission was created in 1885 to safeguard the public interest of nebraska citizens through the regulation of the livestock industry in 1887 the commission was reorganized into the board of live stock agents it increased its collaborative efforts with the federal bureau of animal industry the nebraska leadership led to more federal involvement in the livestock industry including passage of the federal meat inspection act of 1906 the nebraska initiative exemplified the spirit of the progressive movement in the quest to impose scientific standards especially in areas related to public health 41 women edit farm life edit in nebraska very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch farmers clearly understood the need for a hard working wife and numerous children to handle the many chores including child rearing feeding and clothing the family managing the housework feeding the hired hands and especially after the 1930s handling the paperwork and financial details 42 during the early years of settlement in the late 19th century farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors after a generation or so women increasingly left the fields thus redefining their roles within the family new conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles the scientific housekeeping movement promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning advice columns for women in the farm papers and home economics courses in the schools 43 although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and farm life in reality rural nebraskans created a rich social life for themselves they often sponsored activities that combined work food and entertainment such as barn raisings corn huskings quilting bees 44 grange meeting church activities and school functions the womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events as well as extended visits between families 45 teachers edit there were few jobs available for young women awaiting marriage prairie schoolwomen or teachers played a vital role in modernizing the state some were from local families perhaps with their father on the school board and they took a job that kept money in the community others were well educated and more cosmopolitan and looked at teaching as a career they believed in universal education and social reform and were generally accepted as members of the community and as extended members of local families teachers were deeply involved in social and community activities in the rural one room schools qualifications of the teachers were minimal and salaries were low male teachers were paid about as much as a hired hand women were paid less about the same as those of a domestic servant in the towns and especially in the cities the teachers had some college experience and were better paid those farm families that value the education of their children highly often moved to town or bought a farm close to town so their children could attend schools those few farm youth who attended high school often boarded in town 46 47 great depression edit the great depression hit nebraska hard as grain and livestock prices fell in half and unemployment was widespread in the cities the collapse of the stock market in october 1929 did not result in great personal fortunes being lost the greatest effect the crash had on nebraska was the fall of farm prices because the state s economy was greatly dependent on their crop crop prices began to drop in the final quarter of the year and continued until december 1932 where they reached their lowest in state history 48 governor charles w bryan a democrat was at first unwilling to request aid from the national government but when the federal emergency relief act became law in 1933 nebraska took part rowland haynes the state s emergency relief director was the major force in implementing such national new deal relief programs as the federal emergency relief administration fera and the civil works administration roy cochran a democrat who became governor in 1935 sought federal assistance and placed nebraska among the first american states to adopt a social security law the enduring impact of fera and social security in nebraska was to shift responsibility for social welfare from counties to the state which henceforth accepted federal funding and guidelines the change in state and national relations may have been the most important legacy of these new deal programs in nebraska 49 world war ii edit nebraska fully mobilized its labor and economic resources when the federal call to action came at america s entrance into world war ii besides many young nebraskan men serving overseas during the war food production was expanded and munitions plants such as the nebraska ordnance plant were built the cornhusker ordnance plant cop in grand island produced its first bombs in november 1942 at its peak it employed 4 200 workers over 40 of whom were women ordnance workers or wow s the wow s were a major reason that the quaker oats company which managed the plant started one of the nation s earliest corporate child care programs for grand island the plant brought good wages high retail sales severe housing shortages and an end to depression level unemployment the plant became a major social force demonstrated by its sponsoring of such wide ranging community groups as local sporting teams and boy scouts troops the city adjusted to the plant s closing in august 1945 with surprising ease during the korean and vietnam conflicts cop resumed production the ordnance plant finally shutting down in 1973 50 during the second world war nebraska was home to several prisoner of war camps scottsbluff fort robinson and camp atlanta outside holdrege were the main camps there were many smaller satellite camps at alma bayard bertrand bridgeport elwood fort crook franklin grand island hastings hebron indianola kearney lexington lyman mitchell morrill ogallala palisade sidney and weeping water fort omaha housed italian pows altogether there were 23 large and small camps scattered across the state 51 in addition several u s army airfields were constructed at various locations across the state postwar edit after the war conservative republicans held most of the state major offices a progressive breakthrough came during the administration of republican governor norbert tiemann 1967 1971 who successfully pushed for a number of major changes a new revenue act included a sales tax and an income tax replacing the state property tax and other taxes the municipal university of omaha joined the state university of nebraska system as the university of nebraska omaha a new department of economic development was created as well as a state personnel office state economic initiatives paved the way for the bond indebted financing of highway and sewage treatment plant construction projects improvement of state mental health facilities and fair housing practices were also enacted along with the first minimum wage law and new of open housing legislation 52 the nationwide farm crisis of the 1980s hit the state hard with a wave of farm foreclosures on the positive side omaha s geographic centrality in the american interstate highway system and large well educated population made the city an attractive place for many small manufacturing concerns to set up shop by the early 1990s omaha had become a major center of the telecommunications industry which surpassed meat packing in terms of employment after 2000 however omaha s call centers faced stiff competition from outsourced foreign operators in india and other developing nations on december 5 2007 the state s deadliest mass shooting occurred at westroads mall in omaha 53 nine people died and five were injured culture edit following world war ii and especially after the 1960s fine arts projects flourished in nebraska during this period existing orchestras were expanded and new ones chartered while local museums and art galleries sprung up in communities across the state this renaissance occurring in no small part due to the energetic support of nebraska s higher education institutions and the national endowment for the humanities funded nebraska arts council 54 and nebraska humanities council 55 hispanics edit hispanic americans have lived in the region since before nebraska became a state in 1867 but large scale migration didn t began until the 1980s and 1990s in 1972 nebraska was the first state to establish a statutory agency devoted to the needs of hispanics a group which then numbered about 30 000 56 mexicans generally entered low skilled low wage occupations in the hospitality manufacturing food processing and agricultural industries 57 one example was the small city of schuyler in colfax county an area previously dominated by german and czech ethnics who settled there around the turn of the last century 58 another case study is lexington seat of dawson county the hispanic population soared tenfold between 1990 and 2000 from just over 400 to about 4 000 and the city s overall population grew from 6 600 to over 10 000 the positive economic trends in the 1990s contrasted sharply with the 1980s when dawson county s population and overall employment rate declined rapidly fears that immigration would depress wages and raise unemployment rates across the state were unfounded indeed just the reverse happened the hispanic migration wave increased both labor supply and demand businessmen discovering that they could profitably expand their operations in douglas county with a fresh supply of willing labor the net result of the growing hispanic population in nebraska was an upsurge in employment average wages and economic prosperity for all sectors 59 see also edit history portal north america portal united states portal main article historical outline of nebraska history of african americans in nebraska great plains history of lincoln nebraska history of omaha history of north omaha history of the midwestern united states forts in nebraska list of historic bridges in nebraska landmarks of the nebraska territory native american tribes in nebraska douglas county historical society washington county historical association nebraska state historical society laukaitis a 2005 tower of time pays tribute to animals people of missouri river lincoln journal star november 8 2005 retrieved august 30 2007 1 2 history of nebraska archived 2007 09 05 at the wayback machine twin cities development corporation retrieved 8 30 07 1962 nebraska s prehistoric horses university of nebraska state museum richmond g m and d s fullerton 1986 summation of quaternary glaciations in the united states of america quaternary science reviews vol 5 pp 183 196 andersen j d 2001 the four hills of life northern arapaho knowledge and life movement lincoln university of nebraska press deetz j 1965 the dynamics of stylistic change in arikara ceramics illinois studies in anthropology no 4 university of illinois press urbana morton j s 1918 history of nebraska western publishing and engraving company p 29 swanton j r 1952 p 283 demallie r j 2001a sioux until 1850 in handbook of north american indians plains volume 13 part 2 washington d c smithsonian institution p 740 demallie r j 2001b teton in handbook of north american indians plains volume 13 part 2 washington d c smithsonian institution p 810 fletcher a c 1885 historical sketch of the omaha tribe of indians in nebraska washington judd detweiler swanton j r 1952 p 264 bilgri benjamin j ambushed at dawn an archeological analysis of the catastrophic defeat of the 1720 villasur expedition 2012 anthropology department theses and dissertations 21 https digitalcommons unl edu anthrotheses 21 missionaries to the indians nebraska state historical society retrieved 2019 11 18 2007 history at a glance archived 2008 10 29 at the wayback machine douglas county historical society retrieved february 2 2008 michael l tate civilization s guardian army aid to emigrants on the platte river road 1846 1869 annals of wyoming january 1997 vol 69 issue 1 pp 2 16 an act to provide a temporary government for the territory of colorado pdf thirty sixth united states congress february 28 1861 archived from the original pdf on october 25 2004 retrieved december 27 2006 nd history of douglas county archived 2005 01 15 at the wayback machine andreas history of the state of nebraska retrieved july 13 2007 mccabe mike october 2015 how nebraska won admission to the union despite a presidential veto pdf stateline midwest 24 10 the council of state governments midwest 5 archived from the original pdf on february 23 2017 retrieved february 22 2017 part 8 andreas history of the state of nebraska robert g athearn union pacific country 1971 david f halass hell on wheels wicked towns along the union pacific railroad 2013 john c hudson towns of the western railroads great plains quarterly 2 1 1982 41 54 online charlyne berens and nancy mitchell parallel tracks same terminus the role of nineteenth century newspapers and railroads in the settlement of nebraska great plains quarterly 2009 287 300 online gilbert c fite the farmers frontier 1865 1900 1966 pp 16 17 31 33 frederick c luebke ethnic group settlement on the great plains western historical quarterly 8 4 1977 405 430 in jstor sheryll patterson black women homesteaders on the great plains frontier frontiers a journal of women studies 1976 67 88 in jstor kurt e kinbacher and william g thoms iii shaping nebraska great plains quarterly summer 2008 vol 28 issue 3 pp 191 207 david s trask et al nebraska populism as a response to environmental and political problems great plains environment and culture 1979 pp 61 80 burton w folsom jr tinkerers tipplers and traitors ethnicity and democratic reform in nebraska during the progressive era pacific historical review february 1981 vol 50 issue 1 pp 53 75 in jstor richard lowitt george w norris a reflective view nebraska history 70 1989 297 302 online tim l hiller et al long term agricultural land use trends in nebraska 1866 2007 great plains research fall 2009 vol 19 issue 2 pp 225 237 carol ahlgren and david anthone the lincoln highway in nebraska the pioneer trail of the automotive age nebraska history dec 1992 vol 73 issue 4 pp 173 179 lewis e atherton the frontier merch...
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