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neral arthur st clair became commander of the united states army and led a punitive expedition with two regular army regiments and some militia near modern day fort recovery his force advanced to the location of native american settlements near the headwaters of the wabash river but on november 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by miami chief little turtle and shawnee chief blue jacket more than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle which has since borne the name st clair s defeat it remains the greatest defeat of a u s army by native americans 70 71 72 the british demanded the establishment of a native american barrier state at the treaty of ghent which ended the war of 1812 but american negotiators rejected the idea because britain had lost control of the region in the battle of lake erie and the battle of the thames in 1813 where tecumseh was killed by u s forces the british then abandoned their native american allies south of the lakes the native americans ended being the main losers in the war of 1812 apart from the short black hawk war of 1832 the days of native american warfare east of the mississippi river had ended 73 lewis and clark edit main article lewis and clark expedition louisiana purchase 1803 in 1803 president thomas jefferson commissioned the lewis and clark expedition that took place between may 1804 and september 1806 launching from camp dubois in illinois at that time part of the indiana territory the goal was to explore the louisiana purchase and establish trade and u s sovereignty over the native peoples along the missouri river the lewis and clark expedition established relations with more than two dozen indigenous nations west of the missouri river 74 the expedition returned east to st louis in the spring of 1806 party politics edit the first local meeting of the new republican party took place at the little white schoolhouse in ripon wisconsin on march 20 1854 the midwest has been a key swing district in national elections with highly contested elections in closely divided states often deciding the national result from 1860 to 1920 both parties tried to find their presidential and vice presidential candidates from the region 75 one of the two major political parties in the united states the republican party originated in the midwest in the 1850s ripon wisconsin had the first local meeting while jackson michigan had the first statewide meeting of the new party its membership included many yankees out of new england and new york who had settled the upper midwest the party opposed the expansion of slavery and stressed the protestant ideals of thrift a hard work ethic self reliance democratic decision making and religious tolerance 76 in the early 1890s the wheat growing regions were strongholds of the short lived populist movement in the plains states 77 starting in the 1890s the middle class urban progressive movement became influential in the region as it was in other regions with wisconsin a major center under the la follettes wisconsin fought against the republican bosses and for efficiency modernization and the use of experts to solve social economic and political problems 78 theodore roosevelt s 1912 progressive party had the best showing in this region carrying the states of michigan minnesota and south dakota in 1924 la follette sr s 1924 progressive party did well in the region but carried only his home base of wisconsin 79 80 the midwest especially the areas west of chicago has always been a stronghold of isolationism a belief that america should not involve itself in foreign entanglements this position was largely based on the many german american and swedish american communities isolationist leaders included the la follettes ohio s robert a taft and colonel robert mccormick publisher of the chicago tribune 81 82 yankees and ethnocultural politics edit ohio river near rome ohio main article indiana territory yankee settlers from new england started arriving in ohio before 1800 and spread throughout the northern half of the midwest most of them started as farmers but later the larger proportion moved to towns and cities as entrepreneurs businessmen and urban professionals since its beginnings in the 1830s chicago has grown to dominate the midwestern metropolis landscape for over a century 83 historian john bunker has examined the worldview of the yankee settlers in the midwest because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission yankees were able to transplant new england institutions values and mores altered only by the conditions of frontier life they established a public culture that emphasized the work ethic the sanctity of private property individual responsibility faith in residential and social mobility practicality piety public order and decorum reverence for public education activists honest and frugal government town meeting democracy and he believed that there was a public interest that transcends particular and stick ambitions regarding themselves as the elect and just in a world rife with sin air and corruption they felt a strong moral obligation to define and enforce standards of community and personal behavior this pietistic worldview was substantially shared by british scandinavian swiss english canadian and dutch reformed immigrants as well as by german protestants and many of the forty eighters 84 midwestern politics pitted yankees against the german catholics and lutherans who were often led by the irish catholics these large groups buenker argues generally subscribed to the work ethic a strong sense of community and activist government but were less committed to economic individualism and privatism and ferociously opposed to government supervision of the personal habits southern and eastern european immigrants generally leaned more toward the germanic view of things while modernization industrialization and urbanization modified nearly everyone s sense of individual economic responsibility and put a premium on organization political involvement and education 85 86 development of transportation edit waterways edit lake michigan is shared by illinois indiana michigan and wisconsin pictured is indiana dunes national park in northwest indiana three waterways have been important to the development of the midwest the first and foremost was the ohio river which flowed into the mississippi river development of the region was halted until 1795 by spain s control of the southern part of the mississippi and its refusal to allow the shipment of american crops down the river and into the atlantic ocean 87 this was changed with the 1795 signing of pinckney s treaty 87 the second waterway is the network of routes within the great lakes the opening of the erie canal in 1825 completed an all water shipping route more direct than the mississippi to new york and the seaport of new york city in 1848 the illinois and michigan canal breached the continental divide spanning the chicago portage and linking the waters of the great lakes with those of the mississippi valley and the gulf of mexico lakeport and river cities grew up to handle these new shipping routes during the industrial revolution the lakes became a conduit for iron ore from the mesabi range of minnesota to steel mills in the mid atlantic states the saint lawrence seaway completed in 1959 opened the midwest to the atlantic ocean 88 the third waterway the missouri river extended water travel from the mississippi almost to the rocky mountains citation needed in the 1870s and 1880s the mississippi river inspired two classic books life on the mississippi and adventures of huckleberry finn written by native missourian samuel clemens who used the pseudonym mark twain his stories became staples of midwestern lore twain s hometown of hannibal missouri is a tourist attraction offering a glimpse into the midwest of his time citation needed inland canals in ohio and indiana constituted another important waterway which connected with great lakes and ohio river traffic the commodities that the midwest funneled into the erie canal down the ohio river contributed to the wealth of new york city which overtook boston and philadelphia 89 railroads and the automobile edit homesteaders in central nebraska in 1888 during the mid 19th century the region got its first railroads and the railroad junction in chicago became the world s largest during the century chicago became the nation s railroad center by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals even today a century after henry ford six class i railroads union pacific bnsf norfolk southern csx canadian national and canadian pacific meet in chicago 90 91 in the period from 1890 to 1930 many midwestern cities were connected by electric interurban railroads similar to streetcars the midwest had more interurbans than any other region in 1916 ohio led all states with 2 798 miles 4 503 km indiana followed with 1 825 miles 2 937 km these two states alone had almost a third of the country s interurban trackage 92 the nation s largest interurban junction was in indianapolis during the decade of the early 1900s that city s 38 percent growth in population was attributed largely to the interurban 93 competition with automobiles and buses undermined the interurban and other railroad passenger business by 1900 detroit was the world center of the auto industry and soon practically every city within 200 miles 320 km was producing auto parts that fed into its giant factories 94 in 1903 henry ford founded the ford motor company ford s manufacturing and those of automotive pioneers william c durant the dodge brothers packard and walter chrysler established detroit s status in the early 20th century as the world s automotive capital the proliferation of businesses created a synergy that also encouraged truck manufacturers such as rapid and grabowsky 95 the growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the midwest and nation with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations as well as factories for parts and tires today greater detroit remains home to general motors chrysler and the ford motor company citation needed american civil war edit main article american civil war slavery prohibition and the underground railroad edit an animation depicting when united states territories and states forbade or allowed slavery 1789 1861 the northwest ordinance region comprising the heart of the midwest was the first large region of the united states that prohibited slavery the northeastern united states emancipated slaves into the 1830s the regional southern boundary was the ohio river the border of freedom and slavery in american history and literature see uncle tom s cabin by harriet beecher stowe and beloved by toni morrison the midwest particularly ohio provided the primary routes for the underground railroad whereby midwesterners assisted slaves to freedom from their crossing of the ohio river through their departure on lake erie to canada created in the early 19th century the underground railroad was at its height between 1850 and 1860 one estimate suggests that by 1850 100 000 slaves had escaped via the underground railroad 96 the underground railroad consisted of meeting points secret routes transportation and safe houses and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers individuals were often organized in small independent groups this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting stations along the route but knew few details of their immediate area escaped slaves would move north along the route from one way station to the next although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train they usually traveled on foot or by wagon 97 the region was shaped by the relative absence of slavery except for missouri pioneer settlement education in one room free public schools democratic notions brought by american revolutionary war veterans protestant faiths and experimentation and agricultural wealth transported on the ohio river riverboats flatboats canal boats and railroads citation needed bleeding kansas edit main article bleeding kansas tragic prelude in the kansas state capitol the first violent conflicts leading up to the american civil war occurred between two neighboring midwestern states kansas and missouri involving anti slavery free staters and pro slavery border ruffian elements that took place in the kansas territory and the western frontier towns of missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858 at the heart of the conflict was the question of whether kansas would enter the union as a free state or slave state as such bleeding kansas was a proxy war between northerners and southerners over the issue of slavery the term bleeding kansas was coined by horace greeley of the new york tribune the immediate cause of the events was the kansas nebraska act of 1854 the act created the territories of kansas and nebraska opened new lands that would help settlement in them repealed the missouri compromise and allowed settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery within their boundaries it was hoped the act would ease relations between the north and the south because the south could expand slavery to new territories but the north still had the right to abolish slavery in its states instead opponents denounced the law as a concession to the slave power of the south 98 a map of various underground railroad routes an ostensibly democratic idea popular sovereignty stated that the inhabitants of each territory or state should decide whether it would be a free or slave state however this resulted in immigration en masse to kansas by activists from both sides at one point kansas had two separate governments each with its own constitution although only one was federally recognized on january 29 1861 kansas was admitted to the union as a free state less than three months before the battle of fort sumter officially began the civil war 99 on may 21 1856 the free soil town of lawrence kansas was sacked by an armed pro slavery force from missouri a few days later the sacking of lawrence led abolitionist john brown and six of his followers to execute five men along the pottawatomie creek in franklin county kansas in retaliation 100 the so called border war lasted from may through october between armed bands of pro slavery and free soil men the u s army had two garrisons in kansas the first cavalry regiment at fort leavenworth and the second dragoons and sixth infantry at fort riley 101 the skirmishes endured until a new governor john w geary managed to prevail upon the missourians to return home in late 1856 national reaction to the events in kansas demonstrated how deeply divided the country had become the border ruffians were widely applauded in the south even though their actions had cost t...
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