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არგალური 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from philolaos greek philosopher c 470 c 385 bc philolaos redirects here for the greek sculptor see philolaos sculptor philolaus medieval woodcut by franchino gaffurio depicting pythagoras and philolaus conducting musical investigations born c 470 bc died c 385 bc philosophical work era pre socratic philosophy region western philosophy school pythagoreanism main interests metaphysics astronomy notable ideas central fire counter earth discounting geocentrism philolaus ˌ f ɪ l ə ˈ l eɪ ə s ancient greek φιλόλαος philólaos c 470 c 385 bc 1 a was a greek pythagorean and pre socratic philosopher he was born in a greek colony in italy and migrated to greece philolaus has been called one of three most prominent figures in the pythagorean tradition and the most outstanding figure in the pythagorean school pythagoras developed a school of philosophy that was dominated by both mathematics and mysticism most of what is known today about the pythagorean astronomical system is derived from philolaus s views he may have been the first to write about pythagorean doctrine according to böckh 1819 who cites nicomachus philolaus was the successor of pythagoras 3 he argued that at the foundation of everything is the part played by the limiting and limitless which combine in a harmony with his assertions that the earth was not the center of the universe geocentrism he is credited with the earliest known discussion of concepts in the development of heliocentrism the theory that the earth is not the center of the universe but rather that the sun is philolaus discussed a central fire as the center of the universe and that spheres including the sun revolved around it biography edit various reports give the birthplace of philolaus as either croton 4 tarentum 5 or metapontum 6 all part of magna graecia the name of the coastal areas of southern italy on the tarentine gulf that were colonized extensively by greek settlers it is most likely that he came from croton 7 8 he migrated to greece perhaps while fleeing the second burning of the pythagorean meeting place around 454 bc 9 according to plato s phaedo he was the instructor of simmias and cebes at thebes around the time the phaedo takes place in 399 bc 10 that would make him a contemporary of socrates and would agree with the statement that philolaus and democritus were contemporaries 11 the writings of much later authors are the sources of further reports about his life they are scattered and of dubious value in reconstructing his life apparently he lived for some time at heraclea where he was the pupil of aresas or as plutarch calls him arcesus 12 diogenes laërtius is the only authority for the claim that shortly after the death of socrates plato traveled to italy where he met with philolaus and eurytus 13 the pupils of philolaus were said to have included xenophilus phanto echecrates diocles and polymnastus 14 as to his death diogenes laërtius reports a dubious story that philolaus was put to death at croton on account of being suspected of wanting to be the tyrant b a story which diogenes laërtius even chose to put into verse 16 writings edit discussion of philolaus in a book by charles peter mason 1870 pythagoras and his earliest successors do not appear to have committed any of their doctrines to writing according to porphyrius vit pyth p 40 lysis and archippus collected in a written form some of the principal pythagorean doctrines which were handed down as heirlooms in their families under strict injunctions that they should not be made public but amid the different and inconsistent accounts of the matter the first publication of the pythagorean doctrines is pretty uniformly attributed to philolaus 17 in one source diogenes laërtius speaks of philolaus composing one book 18 but elsewhere he speaks of three books 19 as do aulus gellius and iamblichus it might have been one treatise divided into three books plato is said to have procured a copy of his book later it was claimed that plato composed much of his timaeus based upon the book by philolaus 20 one of the works of philolaus was called on nature 18 it seems to be the same work that stobaeus calls on the world and from which he has preserved a series of passages 21 other writers refer to a work entitled bacchae which may have been another name for the same work and which may originate from arignote however it has been mentioned that proclus describes the bacchae as a book for teaching theology by means of mathematics 7 it appears in fact from this as well as from the extant fragments that the first book of the work contained a general account of the origin and arrangement of the universe the second book appears to have been an exposition of the nature of numbers which in the pythagorean theory are the essence and source of all things 17 he composed a work on the pythagorean philosophy in three books which plato is said to have procured at the cost of 100 minae through dion of syracuse who purchased it from philolaus who was at the time in deep poverty 17 other versions of the story represent plato as purchasing it himself from philolaus or his relatives when in sicily 22 out of the materials which he derived from these books plato is said to have composed his timaeus but in the age of plato the leading features of the pythagorean doctrines had long ceased to be a secret and if philolaus taught the pythagorean doctrines at thebes he was hardly likely to feel much reluctance in publishing them and amid the conflicting and improbable accounts preserved in the authorities above referred to little more can be regarded as trustworthy except that philolaus was the first who published a book on the pythagorean doctrines and that plato read and made use of it 23 historians from the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy chapter philolaus book genuine fragments and testimonia noted the following 7 it is implied that these books were not by philolaus himself and it seems likely that the statement refers to three spurious works assigned to pythagoras at d l viii 6 burkert 1972a 224 5 the story of plato s purchase of these books from philolaus was probably invented to authenticate the three forged treatises of pythagoras burkert s arguments 1972a 238 277 supported by further study huffman 1993 have led to a consensus that some 11 fragments are genuine frs 1 6 6a 7 13 16 and 17 in the numbering of huffman 1993 and derive from philolaus book on nature barnes 1982 kahn 1993 and 2001 kirk raven and schofield 1983 nussbaum 1979 zhmud 1997 fragments 1 6a and 13 are identified as coming from the book on nature by ancient sources stobaeus cites fragments 2 and 4 7 as coming from a work on the cosmos but this appears to be an alternate title for on nature which probably arose because the chapter heading in stobaeus under which the fragments are cited is on the cosmos philosophy edit see also pythagoreanism music and harmony and pythagorean astronomical system a page from theorica musicae 1492 24 philolaus argued at the foundation of everything is the part played by the ideas of limit and the unlimited one of the first declarations in the work of philolaus was that all things in the universe result from a combination of the unlimited and the limiting 25 for if all things had been unlimited nothing could have been the object of knowledge 26 limiters and unlimiteds are combined in a harmony harmonia this is the state of affairs about nature and harmony the essence of things is eternal it is a unique and divine nature the knowledge of which does not belong to man still it would not be possible that any of the things that are and are known by us should arrive to our knowledge if this essence was not the internal foundation of the principles of which the world was founded that is of the limiting and unlimited elements now since these principles are not mutually similar neither of similar nature it would be impossible that the order of the world should have been formed by them unless the harmony intervened philolaus fragment dk 44b 6a robert scoon explained philolaus universe in 1922 27 philolaus is trying to show how the ordered universe that we know came into its present condition it arose he says by the action of harmony on a basic substance which we do not know but must infer this substance consisted of different primary elements and harmony fitted these together in such a way that nature φύσις turns out to be an ordered world κόσμος the book by philolaus begins with the following 7 nature physis in the world order cosmos was fitted together out of things which are unlimited and out of things which are limiting both the world order as a whole and everything in it according to stobaeus philolaus did away with the ideas of fixed direction in space and developed one of the first non geocentric views of the universe and in his new way of thinking the universe revolved around a hypothetical astronomical object he called the central fire philolaus says that there is fire in the middle at the centre and again more fire at the highest point and surrounding everything by nature the middle is first and around it dance ten divine bodies the sky the planets then the sun next the moon next the earth next the counterearth and after all of them the fire of the hearth which holds position at the centre the highest part of the surrounding where the elements are found in their purity he calls olympus the regions beneath the orbit of olympus where are the five planets with the sun and the moon he calls the world the part under them being beneath the moon and around the earth in which are found generation and change he calls the sky stobaeus i 22 1d in philolaus s system a sphere of the fixed stars the five planets the sun moon and earth all moved around a central fire according to aristotle writing in metaphysics philolaus added a tenth unseen body he called counter earth as without it there would be only nine revolving bodies and the pythagorean number theory required a tenth however greek scholar george burch asserts his belief that aristotle was lampooning philolaus s addition the system that philolaus described predated the idea of spheres by hundreds of years however 28 nearly two thousand years later nicolaus copernicus would mention in de revolutionibus that philolaus already knew about the earth s revolution around a central fire it has been pointed out however that stobaeus betrays a tendency to confound the dogmas of the early ionian philosophers and in his accounts he occasionally mixes up platonism with pythagoreanism 29 see also edit alcmaeon of croton apeiron nicomachus parmenides protrepticus aristotle pythagoreans notes edit the most likely date for philolaus birth would then appear to be around 470 although he could have been born as early as 480 or as late as 440 he appears to have lived into the 380s and at the very least until 399 2 the story at d l 84 that philolaus was killed because he was thought to be aiming at a tyranny is clearly a confusion with dion who is mentioned in the context and did have such a death 15 references edit huffman carl 2020 philolaus the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy huffman c a 1993 philolaus of croton pythagorean and presocratic cambridge university press pp 5 6 böckh august 1819 philolaos des pythagoreers lehren nebst den bruchstücken seines werkes in der vossischen buchhandlung p 14 via archive org pythagoras lehren nebst den bruchstücken seines werkes iamblichus vita pythagorica p 148 iamblichus vita pythagorica p 267 diogenes laërtius viii p 46 iamblichus vita pythagorica pp 266 67 1 2 3 4 carl huffman philolaus in zalta edward n ed stanford encyclopedia of philosophy issn 1095 5054 oclc 429049174 carl a huffman 1993 philolaus of croton pythagorean and presocratic p 6 cambridge university press not to be confused with the first burning of the meeting place in the lifetime of pythagoras c 509 bc plato phaedo 61de apollodorus ap diogenes laërtius ix 38 iamblichus vita pythagorica comp plutarch de gen socr 13 although the account given by plutarch involves great inaccuracies diogenes laërtius iii 6 diogenes laërtius viii 46 huffman carl a 1993 philolaus of croton pythagorean and presocratic cambridge university press p 6 diogenes laërtius iii p 84 cf suda philolaus 1 2 3 charles peter mason 1870 philolaus in smith william ed dictionary of greek and roman biography and mythology 1 2 diogenes laërtius viii 85 diogenes laërtius iii 9 viii 15 diogenes laërtius viii 15 55 84 85 iii 9 aulus gellius iii 17 iamblichus vita pythagorica tzetzes chiliad x 792 xi 38 dk 44 b 2 3 4 5 6 7 diog laert viii 15 55 84 85 iii 9 a gellius iv iii 17 iamblichus vit fyth 31 p 172 tzetzes chiliad x 792 c xi 38 c böckh p 22 gaffurius franchinus 1492 theorica musicae fragment dk 44b 1 fragment dk 44b 3 scoon robert 1922 philolaus fragment 6 diels stobaeus i 21 460 classical philology burch george bosworth the counter earth archived 2013 10 29 at the wayback machine osirus vol 11 saint catherines press 1954 p 267 294 one or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain chisholm hugh ed 1911 stobaeus joannes encyclopædia britannica 11th ed cambridge university press other sources edit laërtius diogenes pythagoreans philolaus lives of the eminent philosophers vol 2 8 translated by hicks robert drew two volume ed loeb classical library external links edit quotations related to philolaus at wikiquote works by or about philolaus at wikisource media related to philolaus at wikimedia commons huffman carl philolaus in zalta edward n ed stanford encyclopedia of philosophy issn 1095 5054 oclc 429049174 philolaus encyclopædia britannica vol 21 11th ed 1911 p 414 v t e ancient greek astronomy astronomers aglaonice agrippa anaximander andronicus apollonius aratus aristarchus aristyllus attalus autolycus bion callippus cleomedes cleostratus conon eratosthenes euctemon eudoxus geminus heraclides hicetas hipparchus hippocrates of chios hypsicles menelaus meton oenopides philip of opus philolaus posidonius ptolemy pytheas seleucus sosigenes of alexandria sosigenes the peripatetic strabo thales theodosius theon of alexandria theon of smyrna timocharis treatises extant almagest ptolemy analemma ptolemy commentary on the phenomena hipparchus diosemeia aratus handy tables ptolemy hypotosis proclus introduction to the phenomena geminus on risings and settings autolycus on ascensions hypsicles on days and nights theodosius on habitations theodosius on the circ...
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