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ol over seeds to biotech firms is part of a comprehensive problem says global justice activist vandana shiva under globalization the farmer is losing her his social cultural economic identity as a producer a farmer is now a consumer of costly seeds and costly chemicals sold by powerful global corporations through powerful landlords and money lenders locally african agriculture from compliance to defiance de peasantization is at an advanced state in latin america and asia and if the world bank has its way africa will travel in the same direction as bryceson and her colleagues correctly point out in a recent article the world development report for 2008 which touches extensively on agriculture in africa is practically a blueprint for the transformation of the continent s peasant based agriculture into large scale commercial farming however as in many other places today the bank s wards are moving from sullen resentment to outright defiance at the time of decolonization in the 1960s africa was actually a net food exporter today the continent imports 25 percent of its food almost every country is a net importer hunger and famine have become recurrent phenomena with the past three years alone seeing food emergencies break out in the horn of africa the sahel and southern and central africa agriculture in africa is in deep crisis and the causes range from wars to bad governance lack of agricultural technology and the spread of hiv aids however as in mexico and the philippines an important part of the explanation is the phasing out of government controls and support mechanisms under the imf and world bank structural adjustment programs imposed as the price for assistance in servicing external debt structural adjustment brought about declining investment increased unemployment reduced social spending reduced consumption and low output lifting price controls on fertilizers while simultaneously cutting back on agricultural credit systems simply led to reduced fertilizer use lower yields and lower investment moreover reality refused to conform to the doctrinal expectation that withdrawal of the state would pave the way for the market to dynamize agriculture instead the private sector which correctly saw reduced state expenditures as creating more risk failed to step into the breach in country after country the departure of the state crowded out rather than crowded in private investment where private traders did replace the state noted an oxfam report they have sometimes done so on highly unfavorable terms for poor farmers leaving farmers more food insecure and governments reliant on unpredictable international aid flows the usually pro private sector economist agreed admitting that many of the private firms brought in to replace state researchers turned out to be rent seeking monopolists the support that african governments were allowed to muster was channeled by the world bank toward export agriculture to generate foreign exchange which states needed to service debt but as in ethiopia during the 1980s famine this led to the dedication of good land to export crops with food crops forced into less suitable soil thus exacerbating food insecurity moreover the world bank s encouragement of several economies to focus on the same export crops often led to overproduction triggering price collapses in international markets for instance the very success of ghana s expansion of cocoa production triggered a 48 percent drop in the international price between 1986 and 1989 in 2002 03 a collapse in coffee prices contributed to another food emergency in ethiopia as in mexico and the philippines structural adjustment in africa was not simply about underinvestment but state divestment but there was one major difference in africa the world bank and imf micromanaged making decisions on how fast subsidies should be phased out how many civil servants had to be fired and even as in the case of malawi how much of the country s grain reserve should be sold and to whom compounding the negative impact of adjustment were unfair eu and us trade practices liberalization allowed subsidized eu beef to drive many west african and south african cattle raisers to ruin with their subsidies legitimized by the wto us growers offloaded cotton on world markets at 20 percent to 55 percent of production cost thereby bankrupting west and central african farmers according to oxfam the number of sub saharan africans living on less than a dollar a day almost doubled to 313 million between 1981 and 2001 46 percent of the whole continent the role of structural adjustment in creating poverty was hard to deny as the world bank s chief economist for africa admitted we did not think that the human costs of these programs could be so great and the economic gains would be so slow in coming in 1999 the government of malawi initiated a program to give each smallholder family a starter pack of free fertilizers and seeds the result was a national surplus of corn what came after is a story that should be enshrined as a classic case study of one of the greatest blunders of neoliberal economics the world bank and other aid donors forced the scaling down and eventual scrapping of the program arguing that the subsidy distorted trade without the free packs output plummeted in the meantime the imf insisted that the government sell off a large portion of its grain reserves to enable the food reserve agency to settle its commercial debts the government complied when the food crisis turned into a famine in 2001 02 there were hardly any reserves left about 1 500 people perished the imf was unrepentant in fact it suspended its disbursements on an adjustment program on the grounds that the parastatal sector will continue to pose risks to the successful implementation of the 2002 03 budget government interventions in the food and other agricultural markets are crowding out more productive spending by the time an even worse food crisis developed in 2005 the government had had enough of world bank imf stupidity a new president reintroduced the fertilizer subsidy enabling 2 million households to buy it at a third of the retail price and seeds at a discount the result bumper harvests for two years a million ton maize surplus and the country transformed into a supplier of corn to southern africa malawi s defiance of the world bank would probably have been an act of heroic but futile resistance a decade ago the environment is different today since structural adjustment has been discredited throughout africa even some donor governments and ngos that used to subscribe to it have distanced themselves from the bank perhaps the motivation is to prevent their influence in the continent from being further eroded by association with a failed approach and unpopular institutions when chinese aid is emerging as an alternative to world bank imf and western government aid programs food sovereignty an alternative paradigm it is not only defiance from governments like malawi and dissent from their erstwhile allies that are undermining the imf and the world bank peasant organizations around the world have become increasingly militant in their resistance to the globalization of industrial agriculture indeed it is because of pressure from farmers groups that the governments of the south have refused to grant wider access to their agricultural markets and demanded a massive slashing of us and eu agricultural subsidies which brought the wto s doha round of negotiations to a standstill farmers groups have networked internationally one of the most dynamic to emerge is via campesina peasant s path via not only seeks to get wto out of agriculture and opposes the paradigm of a globalized capitalist industrial agriculture it also proposes an alternative food sovereignty food sovereignty means first of all the right of a country to determine its production and consumption of food and the exemption of agriculture from global trade regimes like that of the wto it also means consolidation of a smallholder centered agriculture via protection of the domestic market from low priced imports remunerative prices for farmers and fisherfolk abolition of all direct and indirect export subsidies and the phasing out of domestic subsidies that promote unsustainable agriculture via s platform also calls for an end to the trade related intellectual property rights regime or trips which allows corporations to patent plant seeds opposes agro technology based on genetic engineering and demands land reform in contrast to an integrated global monoculture via offers the vision of an international agricultural economy composed of diverse national agricultural economies trading with one another but focused primarily on domestic production once regarded as relics of the pre industrial era peasants are now leading the opposition to a capitalist industrial agriculture that would consign them to the dustbin of history they have become what karl marx described as a politically conscious class for itself contradicting his predictions about their demise with the global food crisis they are moving to center stage and they have allies and supporters for as peasants refuse to go gently into that good night and fight de peasantization developments in the twenty first century are revealing the panacea of globalized capitalist industrial agriculture to be a nightmare with environmental crises multiplying the social dysfunctions of urban industrial life piling up and industrialized agriculture creating greater food insecurity the farmers movement increasingly has relevance not only to peasants but to everyone threatened by the catastrophic consequences of global capital s vision for organizing production community and life itself other nation articles on the subject haiti on the death plan reed lindsay protesters decry high food prices and the savage cost of free trade agreements the world food crisis john nichols we must rein in the global food giants who reap profits at the expense of the planet and the poor milk wars david e gumpert as struggling dairy farmers seek profits by responding to rising consumer demand for raw milk regulators are taking a hard line banana kings emily biuso the history of banana cultivation is rife with labor and environmental abuse corporate skulduggery and genetic experiments gone awry the big yam john feffer chinese hearts minds and pocketbooks get a lot of attention from the eastern and western consumer markets next page search for email subscription enter your email address to subscribe to this blog email address sign me up join 102 other subscribers my email is leheimer gmail com don t hesitate to contact me i love to talk shop pages what is urban agriculture problems with urban agriculture benefits of urban agriculture ua in developing countries urban agriculture in the us and other developed countries what are the methods who farms in the city history of urban agriculture 1 potato patches 1890 1930 2 city beautiful movement 1890 1910 3 first world war liberty gardens 1917 1919 4 depression relief gardens 1929 1939 5 world war ii victory gardens the second time around 6 community gardens 1960 present international history of urban ag chinampas of tenochtitlan marais cities seattle los angeles maine new york city portland or rhode island san francisco bay area washington dc 7th street garden washington youth garden site map recent posts cuba s urban agrarians flourish growing in seattle food aid from the home front i tractor farm art from urban agrarians even seattle hospitals are full of sustainable local food rocket science an edible rooftop garden in portland one country s table scraps another country s meal anna lappé maverick farms and the next generation of farmers southeast regional farm to school conference urban agriculture meets the jetsons some wacky and some plausible ideas for the future of feeding cities montréal closes 167 urban garden plots due to soil contamination agribusiness agriculture anti hunger city farm city farmer city farming city garden city gardening community community garden community supported agriculture csa ecology edible lawn education environment farm bill farmers market farm policy food food bank food crisis food not lawns food policy food prices food security food stamps food system fresh food garden history gardening gardens green health history human ecology hunger kitchen garden local local food low income news nutrition organic poverty rooftop gardening slow food small scale farming small business small farm subsidies subsistence gardening suburban agriculture suburbia sustainable sustainable agriculture sustainable agriculure sustainable food un united nations urban urban agriculture urban development urban farm urban farmer urban farming urban garden urban gardening urban planning vegetable vegetable garden vegetable gardening vegetables video washington dc articles and studies agriculture in middle eastern cities commonalities and contrasts are urban gardens an efficient use of resources change we can stomach chicago green action guide does urban agriculture help prevent malnutrition evidence from kampala edens lost found philadelphia action plan edens lost and found farming inside cities entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the united states food and energy strategies for sustainable development food failures and futures food for growth a community food system plan for buffalo s west side from basketball to urban farming from the desk of jac smit urban agriculture green seattle guide growing a beautiful edible landscape in an urban neighborhood growing urban farms provide useful greens and earnings for poor but reforms could boost supplies healthy cities idrc involving children in children s gardens farm in the city st paul minnesota los angeles action guide new report shows edible cities are the future placing the food system on the urban agenda the role of municipal institutions in food systems planning rising food prices what should be done the newly recognized importance of urban agriculture urban agriculture and community food security in the united states farming from the city center to the urban fringe urban agriculture a guide to container gardening urban agriculture the potential of rooftop gardening urban challenges to food and nutrition security what would the world be like in the 21st century if cities were nutritionally self reliant blogs agrowth daily prandium ffenyx rising homegrown evolution local choices local foods research project media and the environment one straw be the change rooftop vegetable farming rooted in community blog sleepy cat hollow suzie q terroncito s thoughts the apartment farm urban ministry community garden blog business farming inside cities entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the united states crazy cool architecture cascadia region green building council escaper evolo design evolo skyscraper competition and designs foster partners eco tower ...
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