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who married england s henry vi painting of beatrice s mother isabella of clermont with one of her daughters beatrice s father ferrante of naples in a miniature in an illuminated manuscript beatrice s grandfather king alfonso had been an exceptional patron of arts scholars and he gave his children and grandchildren the latest in renaissance education greek latin history philosophy music everything portrait of king alfonso beatrice s grandfather we can t give him a number because he was king of so many different things that he s alfonso i ii iii iv and v depending on which bit of his kingdom aragon valencia naples etc you re counting king alfonso was especially fond of the classics because one of his court scholars reading ancient accounts told him apparently belisarius snuck an army into naples through the tunnel of an old aqueduct and took it easily which alfonso then tried and the old trick still worked and to make his conquered people love him alfonso built splendid neoclassical palaces founded a scholarly academy held grand roman style triumphs repaired ancient aqueducts and generally used all the soft power cultural trappings of antiquity to make himself feel like caesar and it worked meanwhile in hungary amidst many border wars and fear of ottoman or german invasion the old king died without an heir and a quick royal election to avoid a succession war selected the implausibly badass matthias corvinus the raven king portrait of matthias corvinus the raven king matthias s father had been a great general and regent of hungary during the minority of an earlier king and his mother elizabeth szilágyi had given him an exceptional education he spoke hungarian italian polish czech german latin and probably french and romanian as well after their father s death the king feared his sons influence and matthias s elder brother was beheaded for killing a rival matthias himself held prisoner until the childless king s death led the nobles to ransom him for 60 million and crown him rather than face protracted civil war illuminated manuscript image showing matthias corvinus wearing the holy crown of hungary a thing he didn t actually get to do at his coronation since the ancient crown had been captured by hungary s enemies footnote one of matthias s early political challenges was making peace with vlad the impaler and their totally real mutual niece ruxandra of wallachia the real life vampire raven princess somehow doesn t already have a ya romance novel about her though most of the sources on her are in hungarian matthias s election was the first time hungary filled its throne by electing merely one among many peer nobles and he knew he had to work hard to seem more kingly than a lot of men who had been his equals not long before thinking of his mother and education he turned to the culture option relief sculpture of matthias corvinus on a wall in bautzen ortenburg with the inscription mathias rex marrying beatrice of naples didn t just bring him a princess of extremely royal mixed spanish and italian blood it brought a cultural wonder woman who spoke more languages than he did and brought from italy the wonders of new renaissance art music scholarship architects everything the profile relief bust of queen beatrice again looking very queenly and roman facing to the right the matching relief bust of king matthias also looking very roman with a victor s oak garland bound around his head wearing fur lined robes and a costly chain both busts are clearly in an italian neoclassical style made by an italian sculptor the classical revival had just started in italy and hungary built the first neoclassical palaces outside the italian peninsula beatrice and matthias also assembled a vast library of classical manuscripts many supplied by lorenzo de medici and founded a university https www barnesandnoble com w the raven king marcus tanner 1126354515 these investments paid huge dividends as princes and warlords of the region came to the capital expecting a king who d seem no better than they were and found themselves walking what felt like the palaces of caesar culture is amazing at intimidation and at making someone seem like a king illuminated manuscript small portrait of matthias still in profile crowned with laurels just like a roman emperor matthias also continued his father s tradition of martial valor and fought many successful wars his legendary black army conquering first disobedient borderlands bohemia austria making inroads against and the ottomans and earning the nickname the second attila map diagramming matthias corvinus s campaigns with his black army with an absurd number of battles and arrows showing many campaigns ranging all the way from głogów in poland to the black sea to the heel of italy if beatrice and matthias had a son all might have ended happily but alas matthias s death left only his illegitimate son john hence another succession crisis so hungary s nobles turned to the incredible royal princess with the blood of ancient rome in her veins pick your husband pick the king i want to pause a moment to the first time i ran across reference to beatrice in a history it described her as shrewish and unpopular and then went on to say people loved her so much they let her pick the king the antiquated word shrewish made me suspicious and i followed footnotes to an earlier source which said she was not only shrewish but so annoying that she pestered her mother in law to death matthias s awesome mom who gave him his education still suspicious i followed footnotes further to a nineteenth century art historian who said beatrice must have been shrewish and annoying because she looks chubby in her bust and all chubby women are annoying shrews and her mother in law died soon after her arrival so it must have been her fault yeah this portrait was the only evidence the profile relief bust of queen beatrice again looking very queenly and roman facing to the right she does look slightly chubby in a healthy way and very intimidating okay king making time beatrice s first pick was one of her late husband s skilled veteran generals simon keglevich but he was too fearful to accept the precarious and high risk honor of stepping into the throne with many envious peers around him her second pick was vladislaus ii king of bohemia and son of king casimir of poland a former military rival but of very noble blood and with mighty allies poland emperor maximilian and confidence enough to stand before hungary s nobles and dare them to oppose him portrait illumination of vladislaus ii of hungary matthias beatrice s reign is called the golden age of hungary alas vladislaus was a disaster so bellicose his own father disowned him as heir to poland his wars triggered invasions which smashed all the great renaissance stuff this is mostly why matthias beatrice aren t more famous there aren t beautiful monuments still standing to draw tourists it s all been scattered that and that few historians can read spanish italian latin and hungarian all necessary to study them so there are dozens of books in english about beatrice s niece isabella d este but zero about beatrice beatrice is one of many cases of why is x famous not y that i explore in inventing the renaissance as i dive deep into the renaissance art as war by other means the tactic matthias and beatrice employed so potently share lgbtqia renaissance posted by assistant on february 14 2025 history inventing the renaissance 1 as we resist those who claim diversity distorts scholarship let s run through the acronym show how easy it is to find the rainbow in every era we don t even need to look beyond the renaissance celebrities that are household names today portraits of michelangelo machiavelli and the raphael portrait of duchess elizabetta gonzaga lesbian lucrezia borgia s last husband alfonso d este appears in a lot of big budget historical dramas about the period i introduced him last week parading around ferrara buck naked with his dick in his hand his sister beatrice was part of milan s ruling polycule with ludovico visconti sforza galeazzo sanseverino what dramas rarely mention is alfonso s first wife anna maria visconti sforza sister of duke ludovico who documents tell us preferentially wore men s clothes preferred exclusively female company and slept with a female lover in her bed every night black and white image of a drawing possibly of anna maria sforza she wears loose robes and is reading a book she has a delicate facial expression and posture similar to many women depicted by leonardo da vinci gay two out of four ninja turtles here michelangelo whose passionate relationships with men and lack of interest in women are much discussed in letters poems his and others donatello whose relationship with brunelleschi was so public all florence erupted in gossip the time it looked like they might break up wondering about leonardo too i ll get to him below portrait drawing of michelangelo by daniele a volterra showing the sculptor in middle age with his long beard portrait painting of donatello from a set of paintings of famous european master artists in the louvre no actual period portraits of donatello survive but generations since have settled on a long beard and asymmetrical soft chaperon hat typical of the period donatello was florentine and for those who read my earlier thread on the politics of florentine fashion yes the artist has him faithfully dressed like merchant scum as is a florentine s civic duty and while one must be very cautious about looking at an artist s work so many bad histories have done it badly donatello made the first nude sculpture produced since antiquity and it wasn t a sexy venus it was a way sexier david donatello s david made for cosimo de medici the youth stands with one hand on his hip the other on the hilt of slain goliath s broken sword standing completely nude except for a military helmet crowned by a victory garland and gorgeous fantastical boots his asymmetric pose exaggerates the curve of his hips in a way which looks practically like the poses people put female comic book characters in especially when viewed from behind zoomed in detail of the thighs of donatello s david viewed from 3 4 behind the severed head of goliath lies at david s feet and from this angle you can see that the feathers on his winged helmet curve and caress all the way up david s inner thigh stopping about an inch from his crotch making it impossible not to think about the ticklish sense of touch of feathers on extremely sensitive skin importantly modern identity labels gay trans didn t exist in the 1400s so we don t know what labels these people would ve chosen if offered our feast of terms concepts likely they would ve tried out many one must not project modern gender constructions back on history without great care but as long as i keep getting undergrads in my classroom whose educations so far left them with the impression homosexuality didn t exist between socrates and oscar wilde sigh we need to do better to show all these identities have histories bisexual a feast of options here since men having lovers of both sexes was super common but machiavelli is as big as a name gets he wrote erotic poetry to male beloveds in his teens his letters talk freely of male female lovers and he give hetero and homosexual sex advice to friends portrait of machiavelli transgender please enjoy this portrait of the incomparable lucrezia borgia in male dress complete with sword a very striking and deliberate choice for someone who wielded such complexly gendered power but during her family s wars she took on male kinds of power too like governing spoleto portrait of what looks like a renaissance young man the figure has auburn hair pulled back in a masculine for the time style this is one of our best authenticated portraits of lucrezia and the one she herself might have chosen to go on book covers but it isn t what publishers pick they like the sexy blonde one also there are so many great new books treating transgender and radical gender in the renaissance see gordon glorious bodies manion female husbands goldberg queering the renaissance murray terpstra sex gender sexuality in the renaissance so many more queer i enjoyed picking this one who in the renaissance would ve liked the project to embrace and subvert the pejorative sense of queer and turn it into an identity celebrating the breadth of sexualities being outside a narrow mainstream my pick isn t a household name now but was in the period floriano dolfo or dolfi c 1445 1506 one of the most law professors theologians of his day a faculty star of the university of bologna also disabled so for most of his life he worked taught and lived in a single room in his leisure time he wrote over the top fantastical porn describing wonderlands of massive dicks etc sending much of it to his friend patron francesco gonazaga marquess of mantua isabella d este s husband dolfo wrote to gonzaga he took great pride in what he himself called his perversion especially liking only men without interest in women so i think he would ve loved the movement to queer the other great choice for queer would of course be il sodoma the artist who deliberately chose to go by the nickname sodomite despite the stigma in the period nor did his deliberate choice to make his taboo sexuality front and center of his identity stop him from being a major artist and getting big commissions including from church patrons like the benedictine monastery of monte oliveto maggiore self portrait of sodoma sodoma is also the painter of what i always call the bisexuality visibility fresco from the alexander the great cycle he did for the villa chigi in rome which has the big wall centered on alexander the great standing between his sexy wife roxanne and his even sexier and more naked male lover hephaestion even though hephaestion is just as prominent as roxanne here and another whole wall is dedicated to a fresco of just alexander and hephaestion the room is called the room of roxanne by art historians because the 19th century was super queer erasing and decided to center the one heterosexual thing in the room sigh alexander the great proposing to his bride to be with hephaestion on the other side alexander arranged for hephaestion and him to marry two sisters saying it was as close to marriage as the two men could have intersex there s great scholarship on period ideas of the hermaphrodite its entanglement with medical concepts of monstrosity but i like to also recognize figures whose bodies didn t conform to rigid period ideas of sex in ways that shaped their inescapably gendered careers two examples princess jeanne de valois was a daughter of louis xi of france something about her body meant one could tell even in childhood by inspecting her genitalia that she couldn t bear children her father used this forcibly marrying her to his cousin the duke d orleans to try to prevent the orleans b...
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