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y science fiction is made of when horrible accidents engineered by technology obsessed scientists cast humanity into eternal doom yet geoengineering is now seriously being considered by top scientists and policy makers it also has a long history that is permeated by some of the most brilliant minds of the twentieth century science fiction it may sound like but it s being treated as serious science by serious people some have predicted that the issue of geoengineering will be catapulted in a few years into one of the most visible public debates of our times regularly bandied about in the mainstream media it will become a topic rich with scientific political social and moral dilemmas this passage is from the lindau nobel laureate meetings established in 1951 where 30 to 40 nobel laureates meet in lindau germany with up to 600 aspiring undergrads graduate students and phd candidates so as to inspire the next generation of scientists every year nobel laureate paul crutzen frequented the lindau laureate meetings he was awarded the nobel prize in chemistry in 1995 for discovery of the mechanisms that deplete stratospheric ozone in 2006 in the journal climatic change crutzen published albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma https link springer com article 10 1007 s10584 006 9101 y preview this essay was not the first on geo engineering as crutzen wrote the term but because of his nobel status it brought attention to the most dominant concept of geoengineering today of stratospheric aerosol injection this concept is the same as happens with volcanoes and curiously with the burning of fossil fuels when naturally occurring sulfur in fossil fuels is burned or released from volcanic eruptions it produces sulfate aerosols similar to smoke only they reflect sunlight rather than absorb it sulfur emissions created global dimming and literally caused china to begin regulating air pollution in a serious way because of the beijing olympics in 2008 volcanic eruptions have been demonstrated to cool our atmosphere by at least a half degree c enough to create years without summer in northern latitudes the aerosols created from burning fossil fuels are also one of the main components of air pollution that today account for 7 to 8 million deaths per year from respiratory disease in the u s and western europe in the 1960s this air pollution became so bad that laws were enacted the clean air act in the u s that limited sulfur in fossil fuels the curiosity part though is that the reflection of sunlight by sulfate aerosols cools our climate in direct contradiction to the global warming gases emitted by burning the same fossil fuels the cooling from sulfate aerosols is almost exactly half of the warming from excess carbon dioxide emitted by humans from fossil fuels and land use and abuse and a third of total warming from all warming forcings including methane n2o refrigerants water vapor and ozone using sulfate aerosols to cool earth then is something humans have been doing since we began burning fossil fuels or volcanoes have been doing since the beginning of time because of the negative side effects of sulfates the west s began regulating sulfur in fossil fuels generations ago and this is now being repeated by china and india in quantities far larger than what was done in the west we can treat a lot of warming by temporarily relaxing sulfur regulations but injecting sulfur into the stratosphere comes with a distinct advantage over that at near land elevations pound for pound only about 2 percent of the sulfur emitted near the earth s surface would create similar cooling if injected into the stratosphere virtually eliminating side effects of respiratory disease and others like acid rain and ocean acidification the reason is simple sunlight has a much shorter path reflected out of our atmosphere if reflected very high where if reflected very low it can be scattered by other aerosols on the way back into space keeping it here on earth where it can cause warming there is even a shovel ready sulfur aerosol injection strategy that could be implemented immediately and would cool our climate by at least 0 2 degrees c this would be the temporary reversal of new international maritime organization s new sulfur limits on ship fuels these aerosols enhance ships trails similar to condensation trails from jet aircraft only at very low altitudes just above the sea surface from ships stacks these reflective aerosols create brighter clouds and enhance formation of clouds in ships trails shown in the cover image to this article these then reflect more light harmlessly back into space instead of allowing that light to hit the ocean where it is absorbed creating warming that can be trapped by the greenhouse effect up to 90 percent of sunlight is reflected by bright white clouds versus up to 90 percent absorbed by the dark ocean the difference between ships air pollution and that over land from autos and energy generation from fossil fuels is that at very low altitudes the aerosols drop out of the atmosphere from gravity or rainfall in a few days where in the stratosphere they can last a few years this has a great advantages the air pollution from ships is mostly gone by the time it reaches land by shifting to low sulfur fuels 200 miles from land the advantage is enhanced further this type of geoengineering btw is called marine cloud brightening and is it really geoengineering our current climate culture is bent on believing that geoengineering is bad or it has a distinct possibility of being bad because of its supposedly unknown attributes it is believed to be novel never before tried and full of unanticipated side effects that could cause harm it is believed that much research is needed to identify these shortcomings and understand the side effects observation of this so called geoengineering however shows that yes there are risks these risks are truly unknown with many niche geoengineering strategies like space umbrellas but risks are known with sulfur aerosols up to 8 million people are killed every year from respiratory disease caused by low altitude sulfur air pollution but what are the risks of not using these strategies to cool our climate in the introduction to this article it is clear that little time remains to restore our climate back to within the evolutionary boundaries of our degrading earth systems before they become so degraded they cannot stabilize and collapse or tip irreversibly emissions reductions have proved impossible so far because over the last 35 years of trying to reduce them the concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has instead doubled not been reduced the warming from this failure to reduce emissions is now responsible for these climate tipping activations of earth systems degradation that if allowed to complete and become irreversible risk the re emissions stored carbon greenhouse gases of more than ten times all the greenhouse gases that humans have ever emitted atmospheric removal of greenhouse gases accumulated in our sky is the only way to reduce the warming effects in time frames that matter to climate tipping and there is a significant risk that this time is too long to prevent the completion of earth systems collapses because greenhouse gas emissions elimination only limits further warming there is a risk that if we do not use strategies to rapidly and temporarily cool our atmosphere the systems our advanced human civilization relies upon for its existence could fail we therefore have a responsibility to the future of humankind to do something to treat this heat pollution that we have created that threatens the existence of our earth systems and their dependent subsystems like humanity so what then are we afraid of geoengineering is a compound word derived from the greek prefix geo from gē or gaia meaning earth and engineering from the american council of engineering companies engineering is the art of the possible it s applying skill and creative thinking to solving the world s biggest challenges it s seeing what isn t so and finding ways to make it so geoengineering as defined by many is the manipulation of our bio and geosphere that is widely believed to be bad if bad is defined by risk geoengineering then is obviously the burning of fossil fuels and release of greenhouse gases and the destruction of half of earth s forests that has created the bad outcome of global warming that now threatens humanity because of the imminent failure of many of earth s systems what if we looked at our climate problem as one of a pollution problem after all global warming gases are emitted just like any other air pollution and the sulfur pollution emitted right alongside of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels has been widely regulated since the 1970s what if this was and is actually a pollution problem our culture has been treating pollution for thousands of years what if we could simply treat the global warming pollution of course we can and the treatment is the same concept as the oldest pollution treatment known to humans this strategy is dispersion or more commonly dilution remember the solution to pollution is dilution this is dispersion atmospheric dispersion is a very important process in regulating air quality tall stacks releasing pollutants high above the ground were the predominant form dispersion or dilution treatment until the late 1970s fenceline monitoring receptors allow pollution emissions from processes today if they are diluted enough at the fenceline to meet regulatory requirements dilution of human wastewater is almost certainly the oldest pollution treatment strategy known perfected by romans by diluting their human sewage in streams that pass through roman cities today we call this combined sewers over 700 combined sewer discharges where human waste and stormwater runoff are mixed to dilute the sewage are still in use in the u s today atmospheric cooling or treatment of heat pollution uses the oldest pollution treatment strategy in the world of dilution it is the same concept that electrical generation facilities and industry use to treat their excess heat pollution in cooling towers reservoirs lakes and oceans now the concepts are reversed geoengineering is obviously the bad thing we have done to mother earth via the burning of fossil fuels agriculture and land abuses this geoengineering has not only caused global warming that has now created irreversibly existential outcomes unless we restore our climate rapidly but it has vastly reduced the fertility of earth s soils and oceans making artificial fertilizers mandatory for the continuance of the human civilization hundreds of thousands of species have been driven to extinction because of humans and a million or half that remain are at risk of extinction these things have been caused by humans geoengineering our planet it has been caused by the pollution that we have created or the forests we have cut or the land we have raped or the oceans we have fouled and overfished this is geoengineering pollution treatment is what must be done to forestall the inevitable earth systems collapses so that we have time to remove the excess climate pollution from our atmosphere and so that we have time to create a truly sustainable fossil fuels culture pollution treatment is what humans do to achieve the goals we have to create the things we need then we understand that we must treat that pollution do we can be safe because we need those things or we need to achieve those goals pollution treatment is what has allowed our culture to take advantage of fossil fuels to grow from 1 billion to 8 billion souls aerosol cooling is pollution treatment it is dilution pure and simple aerosols reflect light back into space before it can create heat it is the dilution of heat pollution like the oldest pollution treatment strategy known to humans we know exactly how many people sulfur aerosols kill every year and we know how to reduce the effects of sulfur aerosols pollution we also know that our earth systems will collapse by mid century and we know that without the earth systems that our advanced human culture evolved with the human race itself is at risk just like any other systems whose evolutionary boundary conditions have been exceeded we need to rethink the way we think about pollution treatment and geoengineering pollution treatment is good geoengineering is the nasty things we have done to this planet that now require we treat the climate pollution we have been emitting for over 200 years nobel laureate paul crutzen frequented the lindau laureate meetings he was awarded the nobel prize in chemistry in 1995 for discovery of the mechanisms that deplete stratospheric ozone in 2006 in the journal climatic change crutzen published albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma https link springer com article 10 1007 s10584 006 9101 y preview this essay was not the first on geo engineering as crutzen wrote the term but because of his nobel status it brought attention to the most dominant concept of geoengineering today of stratospheric aerosol injection this concept is the same as happens with volcanoes and curiously with the burning of fossil fuels when naturally occurring sulfur in fossil fuels is burned or released from volcanic eruptions it produces sulfate aerosols similar to smoke only they reflect sunlight rather than absorb it sulfur emissions created global dimming and literally caused china to begin regulating air pollution in a serious way because of the beijing olympics in 2008 volcanic eruptions have been demonstrated to cool our atmosphere by at least a half degree c enough to create years without summer in northern latitudes the aerosols created from burning fossil fuels are also one of the main components of air pollution that today account for 7 to 8 million deaths per year from respiratory disease in the u s and western europe in the 1960s this air pollution became so bad that laws were enacted the clean air act in the u s that limited sulfur in fossil fuels the curiosity part though is that the reflection of sunlight by sulfate aerosols cools our climate in direct contradiction to the global warming gases emitted by burning the same fossil fuels the cooling from sulfate aerosols is almost exactly half of the warming from excess carbon dioxide emitted by humans from fossil fuels and land use and abuse and a third of total warming from all warming forcings including methane n2o refrigerants water vapor and ozone using sulfate aerosols to cool earth then is something humans have been doing since we began burning fossil fuels or volcanoes have been doing since the beginning of time because of the negative side effects of sulfates the west s began regulating sulfur in fossil fuels generations ago and this is now being repeated by china and india in quantiti...
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