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dive further experience and development of skills by practice will improve the diver s ability to dive safely specialty training is made available by the recreational diver training industry and diving clubs to increase the range of environments and venues the diver can enjoy at an acceptable level of risk reasons to dive and preferred diving activities may vary during the personal development of a recreational diver and may depend on their psychological profile and their level of dedication to the activity most divers average less than eight dives per year but some total several thousand dives over a few decades and continue diving into their 60s and 70s occasionally older recreational divers may frequent local dive sites or dive as tourists at more distant venues known for desirable underwater environments 62 59 scuba finswimming officially named immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus is underwater competitive swimming using mask monofin and underwater breathing apparatus conducted in a swimming pool while there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race 63 technical diving is recreational scuba diving that exceeds the agency specified limits of recreational diving for non professional purposes technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving and to a greater risk of serious injury or death the risk may be reduced by appropriate skills knowledge and experience and by using suitable equipment and procedures the skills may be developed through appropriate specialised training and experience the equipment often involves breathing gases other than air or standard nitrox mixtures and multiple gas sources 2 underwater citizen science is the scientific research and monitoring for projects for which members of the public collect categorize transcribe or analyze scientific data it is an increasingly popular but underutilised collaboration between society and scientific research 64 in which members of the recreational scuba diving community actively participate in marine data acquisition and recording largely by way of geolocated photographic observations collected during recreational dives but also in more structured and long term experimental work 65 underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water it is usually done while scuba diving but can also be done while diving on surface supply or freediving underwater photography can be categorised as an art form and a method for recording data successful underwater imaging is usually done with specialized equipment and techniques and it offers unusual and rare photographic opportunities and subjects underwater orienteering is a competitive underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba equipment fins a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered the competition consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water testing the competitors speed and accuracy in underwater navigation around accurately surveyed courses marked by buoys 66 underwater videography is the branch of electronic underwater photography concerned with capturing underwater moving images as a recreational diving scientific commercial documentary or filmmaking activity wreck diving is recreational diving where the wreckage of ships aircraft and other artificial structures are explored although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks there is an increasing trend to scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites the recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom some wreck diving involves penetration of the wreckage making a direct ascent to the surface impossible for a part of the dive 67 freediving activities edit freediver with monofin ascending two players competing for the puck in a game of underwater hockey main article freediving freediving is a form of underwater diving that relies on breath holding until resurfacing rather than the use of breathing apparatus such as scuba gear besides the limits of breath hold immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure also have physiological effects that limit the depths and duration possible in freediving examples of freediving activities are traditional fishing techniques competitive and non competitive freediving competitive and non competitive spearfishing and freediving photography synchronised swimming underwater football underwater rugby underwater hockey underwater target shooting and snorkeling there are also a range of competitive apnea disciplines in which competitors attempt to attain great depths times or distances on a single breath aquathlon also known as underwater wrestling is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other s ankle band to win the bout the combat takes place in a 5 metre 16 ft square ring within a swimming pool and is made up of three 30 second rounds with a fourth round played in the event of a tie 68 finswimming is an underwater competitive sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water s surface using a snorkel and with either a monofins or bifins or underwater with a monofin three of the disciplines are on breath hold and one on scuba events take place over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues 69 recreational hunting and gathering including non competitive spearfishing usually for food competitive spearfishing is the hunting and capture of fish underwater without the aid of artificial breathing devices using gear that depends entirely on the physical strength of the competitor 70 71 underwater football is a two team underwater sport is played in a swimming pool with snorkeling equipment mask snorkel and fins the goal of the game is to manoeuvre by carrying and passing a slightly negatively buoyant ball from one side of a pool to the other by players who are completely submerged underwater hockey also known as octopush in the united kingdom is a globally played limited contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team s goal by propelling it with a hockey stick or pusher a key challenge of the game is that it is played on breath hold underwater ice hockey is played upside down underneath the ice on frozen pools or ponds participants wear diving masks fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a buoyant puck competitors do not use breathing apparatus and must surface for air as required underwater rugby is an underwater team sport during a match two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball filled with saltwater into the opponents goal at the bottom of a swimming pool it has little in common with rugby football except for the name underwater target shooting is combined underwater sport and shooting sport that tests a competitors ability to accurately use a speargun in a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using freediving or apnoea technique 72 training and skills development edit main article diver training the skills of underwater diving include some skills which are only needed in an emergency these skills should be exercised sufficiently to ensure that if the emergency occurs the diver is able to deal with it promptly and effectively skills practice can be done as part of a dive for other purposes or in a dive dedicated to maintaining and developing the skills divers who do not dive sufficiently often to maintain basic skills may need to do refresher courses or checkout dive s when returning to active diving new skills may require dedicated practice to bring them up to a reliable standard 73 74 75 76 familiarisation with equipment edit new equipment or a modification to equipment configuration may affect the diver s ability to operate the equipment or respond effectively to a problem a common example is checking buoyancy control with a new diving suit buoyancy compensator cylinder configuration or weighting system or an unfamiliar model of rebreather buoyancy testing is done with the cylinders nearly empty to ensure that the diver can maintain neutral buoyancy at the end of a dive during decompression even if contingency use has depleted the reserve gas supplies in many cases testing new equipment does not require a special dive as any problems will be noticed immediately and either fixed or the dive can be safely aborted 73 74 75 76 response to an emergency edit see also diving procedures both foreseeable and not reasonably foreseeable emergencies can occur during a dive dealing with them in some way is necessary and may involve the diver in self rescue the buddy in assistance to the other buddy or the safety diver or stand by diver in assistance to the diver or divers in difficulty response to an emergency happening to someone else may lead to public safety diving team involvement special circumstances like flooded cave rescues entrapment in capsized vessels and rescues from other disasters may involve larger groups 73 74 75 76 emergency recompression edit main article in water recompression in water recompression iwr is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness dcs by returning the diver underwater to help the gas bubbles in the tissues which are causing the symptoms to resolve it is a procedure that exposes the diver to significant risk which should be compared with the risk associated with the other available options some authorities recommend that it is only to be used when the time to travel to the nearest recompression chamber is too long to save the victim s life others take a more pragmatic approach and accept that in some circumstances iwr is the best available option 77 78 the risks may not be justified for case of mild symptoms likely to resolve spontaneously or for cases where the diver is likely to be unsafe in the water but in water recompression may be justified in cases where severe outcomes are likely if conducted by a competent and suitably equipped team 79 classification of underwater diving activities by occupational field edit this is a table of underwater diving activities classified by occupational field and the diving modes usually associated with them the mode may be dictated by the regulations or codes of practice governing the field of occupation diving activity name or description occupational classification diving modes generally used aquarium maintenance in large public aquariums 80 commercial scientific 80 scuba ssde 80 boat and ship inspection cleaning and maintenance 81 6 commercial naval 81 6 ssde occasionally scuba 81 12 cave diving 21 technical recreational scientific 21 scuba occasionally ssde 21 civil engineering in harbours water supply and drainage systems 12 commercial 12 almost exclusively ssde 12 offshore construction and maintenance in the crude oil and other industry 6 commercial 6 ssde rov occasionally atmospheric suit demolition and salvage of shipwrecks 81 commercial naval 81 ssde sometimes scuba atmospheric suit or rov 81 professional diver training 81 professional 81 ssde or scuba as appropriate 81 recreational diver training 82 83 professional recreational 82 83 scuba breathhold 82 83 fish farm and other aquaculture maintenance 80 commercial 80 scuba ssde 80 fishing gathering e g for abalones crabs lobsters pearls scallops sea crayfish sponges 84 85 56 commercial recreational 84 85 56 scuba ssde breathhold 84 85 56 frogman manned torpedo 81 military 81 scuba 81 harbour clearance and maintenance 81 commercial military 81 12 almost exclusively ssde 81 12 media diving making television programs underwater videography underwater photography etc 21 6 professional recreational 21 6 scuba rov occasionally ssde 11 mine clearance and bomb disposal disposing of unexploded ordnance 81 military naval 81 scuba rov occasionally ssde 81 pleasure leisure sport 2 recreational 2 scuba breathhold occasionally ssde snuba 2 policing security diving to investigate or arrest unauthorized divers 81 police diving military naval 81 scuba 81 search and recovery diving 81 commercial public safety police diving military 81 scuba ssde rov search and rescue diving 81 police naval public service 81 scuba occasionally ssde 81 spear fishing 86 recreational sometimes competitive 86 occasionally professional breathhold 86 stealthy infiltration 81 military 81 scuba 81 surveys and mapping 21 11 scientific recreational 21 11 scuba ssde 21 11 scientific diving marine biology oceanography hydrology geology palaeontology diving physiology and medicine 21 6 11 scientific 21 6 11 scuba occasionally ssde atmospheric suit rov auv 21 11 underwater archaeology shipwrecks harbors and buildings 21 11 scientific recreational 21 11 scuba ssde rov occasionally atmospheric suit 21 11 underwater inspections and surveys 81 6 commercial military 81 6 ssde sometimes scuba rov 81 underwater mineral extraction gold diamonds oil 87 commercial ssde including airline hookah and saturation rov competitive underwater sport including underwater hockey aquathlon scuba orienteering underwater rugby and others 86 recreational 86 snorkel breathhold and scuba 86 underwater tour guiding 2 professional recreational 2 scuba 2 underwater tourism 2 recreational 2 scuba occasionally snuba 2 underwater welding 6 commercial 6 almost exclusively ssde 12 references edit technical diving noaa 2013 archived from the original on 20 november 2018 retrieved 17 september 2016 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 richardson d 1999 a brief history of recreational diving in the united states south pacific underwater medicine society journal 29 3 melbourne victoria spums issn 0813 1988 oclc 16986801 via rubicon research repository underwater sports cmas org archived from the original on 27 november 2022 retrieved 10 august 2020 commercial diving operations 1910 401 scope and application occupational safety and health standards subpart t washington dc united states department of labor occupational safety and health administration archived from the original on 9 may 2013 retrieved 17 september 2016 work activities job profiles diver uk national careers service 2016 archived from the original on 12 october 2016 retrieved 17 september 2016 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 what does a commercial diver do sokanu 2016 archived from the original on 8 september 2018 retrieved 17 september 2016 us navy diving manual 2006 chapter 1 history of diving 1 2 robinson blades 11 january 2002 what is public safety diving sandiegodiving com archived from the original on 7 july 2015 retrieved 17 september 2016 phillips mark november 2015 public safety diving and osha are we exempt final answer pdf ps diver magazine no 112 archived pdf from the original on 19 january 2016 retrie...
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