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is conducted in english the official languages 98 of the executive branch of government of puerto rico 99 are spanish and english with spanish being the primary language english is the primary language of less than 10 of the population puerto rican spanish is the dominant language of business education and daily life on the island 100 the us census bureau s 2015 update provides the following 101 94 1 of adults speak spanish 5 8 speak only english and little to no spanish 78 3 do not speak english very well 15 8 are fully bilingual in both english and spanish 0 1 speak other languages 102 public school instruction in puerto rico is conducted almost entirely in spanish there have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1 400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in english only objections from teaching staff are common perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in english 103 english is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school puerto rico is home to a sizeable deaf community the actual numbers are unknown due to unavailable source data 104 a 1986 estimate places the puerto rican deaf population between 8 000 and 40 000 105 due to ongoing colonization from the us mainland the larger american sign language asl is supplanting the local puerto rican sign language prsl also known as lspr lenguaje de señas puertorriqueño 104 although assumed to be a dialect or variant of asl the degree of mutual intelligibility between puerto rican sign language is currently unknown as is whether it is even a francosign language like asl indeed there is a hesitancy amongst puerto rican deaf to even mention lspr after heavy handed oralist education of english spanish and signed english 104 106 today there is much contact between asl prsl and signed spanish 104 the spanish of puerto rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the spanish spoken elsewhere while the spanish spoken in all iberian mediterranean and atlantic spanish maritime provinces was brought to the island over the centuries the most profound regional influence on the spanish spoken in puerto rico has been from that spoken in the present day canary islands the spanish of puerto rico also includes occasional taíno words typically in the context of vegetation natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments similarly words attributed to primarily west african languages were adopted in the contexts of foods music or dances 107 religion there are many religious beliefs represented in the island religious breakdown in puerto rico as of 2006 is given in the table on the right 108 religions in puerto rico 2006 religion adherents of population christian 3 752 544 97 00 non religious other 76 598 1 98 spiritist 27 080 0 70 muslim 5 029 0 13 hindu 3 482 0 09 jewish 2 708 0 07 buddhist 1 161 0 03 the majority of puerto ricans in the island are christians spiritists have a large secondary following muslims hindus jews and buddhists all have a small presence as well roman catholicism has been the main christian denomination among puerto ricans since the arrival of the spanish in the 15th century but the presence of protestant mormon pentecostal and jehovah s witnesses denominations has increased under u s sovereignty making modern puerto rico an inter denominational multi religious community the afro caribbean religion santería is also practiced in 1998 a news report stated that puerto rico was no longer predominantly catholic pollster pablo ramos wrote that the population was 38 roman catholic 28 pentecostal and 18 were members of independent churches 109 however an associated press article in march 2014 stated that more than 70 percent of puerto ricans identify themselves as catholic 110 the cia world factbook reports that 85 of the population of puerto rico identifies as roman catholic while 15 identify as protestant and other 111 political and international status part of a series on puerto ricans by region or country united states chicago hawaii holyoke massachusetts new york city philadelphia subgroups african chinese french corsican german irish italian jewish spanish taíno culture art cinema cuisine dance education flag language literature music politics sports television religion christianity judaism islam history royal decree of graces of 1815 jones shafroth act language spanish castilian vocabulary puerto rico portal v t e puerto ricans became citizens of the united states as a result of the passage of the jones shafroth act of 1917 since this law was the result of congressional legislation and not the result of an amendment to the united states constitution the current u s citizenship of puerto ricans can be revoked by congress 112 as they are statutory citizens not 14th amendment citizens 113 the jones act established that puerto ricans born prior to 1899 were considered naturalized citizens of puerto rico and anyone born after 1898 were u s citizens unless the puerto rican expressed his her intentions to remain a spanish subject since 1948 it was decided by congress that all puerto ricans whether born within the united states or in puerto rico were naturally born united states citizens puerto ricans and other u s citizens residing in puerto rico cannot vote in presidential elections as that is a right reserved by the u s constitution to admitted states and the district of columbia through the electoral college system nevertheless both the democratic party and republican party while not fielding candidates for public office in puerto rico provide the islands with state sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in presidential primaries being held in puerto rico u s citizens residing in puerto rico do not elect u s representatives or senators however puerto rico is represented in the house of representatives by an elected representative commonly known as the resident commissioner who has the same duties and obligations as a representative with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the house floor the resident commissioner is elected by puerto ricans to a four year term and does serve on congressional committee puerto ricans residing in the u s states have all rights and privileges of other u s citizens living in the states as statutory u s citizens puerto ricans born in puerto rico may enlist in the u s military and have been included in the compulsory draft when it has been in effect puerto ricans have fully participated in all u s wars and military conflicts since 1898 including world war i world war ii the korean war the vietnam war the gulf war the war in afghanistan and the iraq war since 2007 the puerto rico state department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of puerto rican citizenship to puerto ricans in order to be eligible applicants must have been born in puerto rico born outside of puerto rico to a puerto rican born parent or be an american citizen with at least one year residence in puerto rico the citizenship is internationally recognized by spain which considers puerto rico to be an ibero american nation therefore puerto rican citizens have the ability to apply for spanish citizenship after only two years residency in spain instead of the standard 10 years puerto rican voters despite not voting in the 2024 election for the president on the island nevertheless were a surprisingly important political hot potato for both parties due to the large number of puerto rican voters on the mainland 114 decolonization and status referendums since 1953 the un has been considering the political status of puerto rico and how to assist it in achieving independence or decolonization in 1978 the special committee determined that a colonial relationship existed between the us and puerto rico 115 the un s special committee has referred often to puerto rico as a nation in its reports because internationally the people of puerto rico are often considered to be a caribbean nation with their own national identity 116 117 most recently in a june 2016 report the special committee called for the united states to expedite the process to allow self determination in puerto rico more specifically the group called on the united states to expedite a process that would allow the people of puerto rico to exercise fully their right to self determination and independence allow the puerto rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs including unemployment marginalization insolvency and poverty 118 puerto rico has held four referendums to determine whether to retain its status as a territory or to switch to some other status such as statehood the fourth the puerto rican status referendum 2012 occurred on november 6 2012 the result a 54 majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island s territorial political status and in favor of a new status of votes for new status a 61 1 majority chose statehood 119 120 121 this was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates in all earlier referendums votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an american territory with the remainder for independence support for u s statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum 122 123 the fifth puerto rican status referendum of 2017 was held on june 11 2017 and offered three options statehood independence free association and current territorial status with 23 of registered voters casting ballots 97 voted for statehood 124 benefits of statehood would include an additional 10 billion per year in federal funds the right to vote in presidential elections higher social security and medicare benefits and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy the latter is currently prohibited 125 even with the puerto ricans vote for statehood action by the united states congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of puerto rico under the territorial clause of the united states constitution 125 see also united states portal criollo people demographics of puerto rico hispanics history of puerto ricans history of puerto rico history of women in puerto rico list of puerto rican presidential citizens medal recipients list of puerto rican presidential medal of freedom recipients list of puerto ricans list of stateside puerto ricans military history of puerto rico nuyoricans puerto rican citizenship and nationality puerto rican migration to new york puerto rican status referendum 2017 puerto ricans in the united states notes the term boricua is gender neutral whereas the terms puertorriqueño borinqueño borincano and puertorro are male specific when ending in o and female specific when ending in a the terms boricua borinqueños and borincanos derive from boriquen borinquen an indigenous taíno name for puerto rico the term puertorro a is used popularly spontaneously and politely to refer to puerto ricans or puerto rico it is occasionally mistaken for a pejorative but the term is not considered offensive by puerto ricans it has been most famously used by puerto rican musicians including bobby valentín in his song soy boricua 1972 andy montañez in en mi puertorro 2006 and bad bunny in acho pr 2023 references nevada and idaho are the nation s fastest growing states united states census bureau december 19 2018 archived from the original on 2018 12 20 retrieved 2018 12 30 cumulative population change april 1 2010 to july 1 2017 for puerto rico united states census bureau july 1 2017 retrieved 2020 01 13 b03001 hispanic or latino origin by specific origin puerto rico 2024 american community survey 1 year estimate united states census bureau july 1 2024 retrieved 2025 01 05 b03001 hispanic or latino origin by specific origin united states 2024 american community survey 1 year estimates u s census bureau july 1 2024 retrieved 2025 01 05 1 2 el panorama de la migración en república dominicana cuadro 2 4 los haitianos son el principal grupo de inmigrantes 2016 census of canada topic based tabulations 2 statcan ca april 2 2011 archived from the original on 2018 04 22 retrieved 2016 05 20 los extranjeros en méxico archived february 14 2007 at the wayback machine immigrants in brazil 2025 in portuguese bevolking geslacht leeftijd generatie en migratieachtergrond centraal bureau voor de statistiek in dutch january 1 2019 archived from the original on 2022 05 07 retrieved 2022 04 19 cite web cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link key findings about puerto rico march 29 2017 puertorriqueño ña diccionario de la lengua española por la real academia española in spanish retrieved 2024 01 19 puertorriqueño ña diccionario de la lengua española por la real academia española in spanish january 19 2024 retrieved 2024 01 19 puertorriqueño diccionario de la lengua española por la real academia española in spanish retrieved 2024 01 19 puertorro a asociación de academias de la lengua española diccionario de americanismos in spanish retrieved 2024 01 19 la comunidad documentales gratis un estudio del genoma taino y guanche adn o dna primera parte february 6 2010 archived from the original on 2010 02 06 your regional ancestry reference populations the genographic project archived from the original on 2017 02 27 retrieved 2014 10 26 tang hua choudhry shweta mei rui morgan martin rodríguez clintron william gonzález burchard esteban risch neil august 1 2007 recent genetic selection in the ancestral admixture of puerto ricans the american journal of human genetics 81 3 626 633 bibcode 2007amjhg 81 626t doi 10 1086 520769 pmc 1950843 pmid 17701908 via mark gignoux christopher r roth lindsey fejerman laura galander joshua choudhry shweta toro labrador gladys viera vera jorge oleksyk taras k beckman kenneth ziv elad risch neil gonzález burchard esteban nartínez cruzado juan carlos 2011 history shaped the geographic distribution of genomic admixture on the island of puerto rico plos one 6 1 e16513 bibcode 2011ploso 616513v doi 10 1371 journal pone 0016513 pmc 3031579 pmid 21304981 kearns rick september 6 2017 indigenous puerto rico dna evidence upsets established history indian country today archived from the original on 2022 06 05 retrieved 2025 08 24 yong ed september 18 2019 how ancient dna can help recast colonial history the atlantic retrieved 2025 08 24 2010 census medgar evers college archived from the original on 2010 06 11 retrieved 2010 04 13 us census bureau table qt p10 hispanic or latino by type 2010 dead link retrieved march 25 2012 select state from drop down menu deprecated link archived february 10 2020 at archive today archived june 6 2011 at the wayback machine a population history of north america archived february 3 2017 at the wayback machine by michael r haines richard h steckel 1 2 historia de pue...
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