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charm s strangeness t topness b bottomness notation such as 173 210 510 710 in the case of the top quark denotes two types of measurement uncertainty the first uncertainty is statistical in nature and the second is systematic interacting quarks edit see also color confinement and gluon as described by quantum chromodynamics the strong interaction between quarks is mediated by gluons massless vector gauge bosons each gluon carries one color charge and one anticolor charge in the standard framework of particle interactions part of a more general formulation known as perturbation theory gluons are constantly exchanged between quarks through a virtual emission and absorption process when a gluon is transferred between quarks a color change occurs in both for example if a red quark emits a red antigreen gluon it becomes green and if a green quark absorbs a red antigreen gluon it becomes red therefore while each quark s color constantly changes their strong interaction is preserved 88 89 90 since gluons carry color charge they themselves are able to emit and absorb other gluons this causes asymptotic freedom as quarks come closer to each other the chromodynamic binding force between them weakens 91 conversely as the distance between quarks increases the binding force strengthens the color field becomes stressed much as an elastic band is stressed when stretched and more gluons of appropriate color are spontaneously created to strengthen the field above a certain energy threshold pairs of quarks and antiquarks are created these pairs bind with the quarks being separated causing new hadrons to form this phenomenon is known as color confinement quarks never appear in isolation 92 93 this process of hadronization occurs before quarks formed in a high energy collision are able to interact in any other way the only exception is the top quark which may decay before it hadronizes 94 sea quarks edit hadrons contain along with the valence quarks q v that contribute to their quantum numbers virtual quark antiquark q q pairs known as sea quarks q s sea quarks form when a gluon of the hadron s color field splits this process also works in reverse in that the annihilation of two sea quarks produces a gluon the result is a constant flux of gluon splits and creations colloquially known as the sea 95 sea quarks are much less stable than their valence counterparts and they typically annihilate each other within the interior of the hadron despite this sea quarks can hadronize into baryonic or mesonic particles under certain circumstances 96 other phases of quark matter edit main article qcd matter a qualitative rendering of the phase diagram of quark matter the precise details of the diagram are the subject of ongoing research 97 98 under sufficiently extreme conditions quarks may become deconfined out of bound states and propagate as thermalized free excitations in the larger medium in the course of asymptotic freedom the strong interaction becomes weaker at increasing temperatures eventually color confinement would be effectively lost in an extremely hot plasma of freely moving quarks and gluons this theoretical phase of matter is called quark gluon plasma 99 the exact conditions needed to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great deal of speculation and experimentation an estimate puts the needed temperature at 1 90 0 02 10 12 kelvin 100 while a state of entirely free quarks and gluons has never been achieved despite numerous attempts by cern in the 1980s and 1990s 101 recent experiments at the relativistic heavy ion collider have yielded evidence for liquid like quark matter exhibiting nearly perfect fluid motion 102 the quark gluon plasma would be characterized by a great increase in the number of heavier quark pairs in relation to the number of up and down quark pairs it is believed that in the period prior to 10 6 seconds after the big bang the quark epoch the universe was filled with quark gluon plasma as the temperature was too high for hadrons to be stable 103 given sufficiently high baryon densities and relatively low temperatures possibly comparable to those found in neutron stars quark matter is expected to degenerate into a fermi liquid of weakly interacting quarks this liquid would be characterized by a condensation of colored quark cooper pairs thereby breaking the local su 3 c symmetry because quark cooper pairs harbor color charge such a phase of quark matter would be color superconductive that is color charge would be able to pass through it with no resistance 104 see also edit physics portal color flavor locking koide formula nucleon magnetic moment preons quarkonium quark star quark lepton complementarity explanatory notes edit there is also the theoretical possibility of more exotic phases of quark matter the main evidence is based on the resonance width of the z 0 boson which constrains the 4th generation neutrino to have a mass greater than 45 gev c 2 this would be highly contrasting with the other three generations neutrinos whose masses cannot exceed 2 mev c 2 cp violation is a phenomenon that causes weak interactions to behave differently when left and right are swapped p symmetry and particles are replaced with their corresponding antiparticles c symmetry beauty and truth are contrasted in the last lines of keats 1819 poem ode on a grecian urn and may have been the origin of those names 63 64 65 the actual probability of decay of one quark to another is a complicated function of among other variables the decaying quark s mass the masses of the decay products and the corresponding element of the ckm matrix this probability is directly proportional but not equal to the magnitude squared v ij 2 of the corresponding ckm entry despite its name color charge is not related to the color spectrum of visible light references edit quark subatomic particle encyclopædia britannica retrieved 29 june 2008 r nave confinement of quarks hyperphysics georgia state 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