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se their social and religious privileges in the aftermath of portuguese subjugation they started reemerging as a powerful community from the 19th century onward they played a pioneering role in many spheres such as banking commerce cash crops print media the film industry etc 273 around 2003 among saint thomas christians 17 4 percent of the adult population are self employed the highest rate statistically among all the communities in the state of kerala 274 saint thomas christians lead all others with respect to per capita ownership of land with many of them owning large estates with changing conditions they have shifted from the agriculture of rice and coconut to plantation based agriculture and the trading of rubber spices and cash crops they also take a prominent role in the educational institutions of kerala and throughout india 275 the educational accomplishments of the community have helped its members to attain a good proportion of the central and state government jobs 273 kerala government in the year 2024 happened to present the community wise account of the government employees in its legislative assembly according to the data out of the then total 5 45 423 government employees in the state 73 713 are from forward christian communities ie saint thomas christians which accounts for the 13 5 percent of the total government employees 276 277 with their level of education and limited employment opportunities within the state of kerala they became the community with the highest rate of migration their resultant foreign remittances have also helped the socioeconomic progress of the community according to the kerala migration survey 1998 by the center for developmental studies kerala saint thomas christians top all other communities in kerala with respect to the socioeconomic development index which is based on parameters such as the possession of land housing consumer durables education and employment status 278 demographics the saint thomas syrian christians form 12 5 percent of the total population of kerala and 70 73 percent of the christians in the state citation needed k c zachariah notes that the 20th century was period of significant transition for the saint thomas christians in terms of its demographic and socioeconomic status around 1900 the community was concentrated in a few areas was geographically static and was characterised by very high death rate very high birth rate very early age at marriage and 10 to 12 children per married woman the population had increased eight fold during the preceding century from a base figure of about 100 000 and comprised nearly 50 per cent children but the population growth of saint thomas christians came down drastically after the 1960s with the lowest birth rate highest age at marriage highest family planning user rate and lowest fertility rate compared to other communities in kerala the proportion of children has come down to less than 25 percent the absolute and relative size of the community is in a diminishing trend and is approaching a zero population growth regime 279 as of 2001 update in kerala more than 85 per cent of the saint thomas christian population live in the seven southern districts of the state kollam pathanamthitta alappuzha kottayam idukki ernakulam and trissur they have also migrated to other cities in india like ooty mangalore bangalore chennai pune delhi mumbai coimbatore hyderabad and kolkata migration steeply increased in the post independence period and major destinations were united states of america canada western europe australia and the middle east according to a rough estimate 20 25 percent of the saint thomas christians live outside the state of kerala 278 with respect to christian denomination 55 of saint thomas christians in the indian state of kerala belong to the catholic church 280 in 1980 the mar thoma syrian church reformed had a church membership of around 400 000 communicants while the syriac orthodox church oriental orthodox had 1 400 000 members 281 syrian christian caste status despite the sectarian differences saint thomas syrian christians share a common social status within the caste system of kerala and is considered as an upper caste community 282 in historic kingdoms of kerala such as those of cochin and travancore saint thomas christians were granted caste privileges that put them on the same level as upper caste hindus 76 anthropologist l k ananthakrishna iyer recorded that they were given privileges in addition to those granted to groups such as nairs such as the right to have enclosures in front of their houses which was otherwise only granted to the brahmins and were placed almost on par with the sovereigns 283 they followed the same rules of caste and pollution as did hindus and sometimes they were considered to be pollution neutralisers 284 decree ii of action ix of the synod of diamper enforced by the portuguese inquisition in 1599 prohibited the practice of untouchability by the saint thomas christians except in practical circumstances when required by law and when it was necessary to ensure social contact with the varna hindus 285 they tend to be endogamous and tend not to intermarry even with other christian groupings internal division of saint thomas christians into northists and southists and also into a number of sects based on the ecclesiastical orientation makes the pattern of segmentation an exceedingly complex forrester suggests that the northist southist division forms two groups within the saint thomas christian community which are closely analogous to sub castes 282 christian conventions the maramon convention is one of the largest annual christian gatherings in asia 286 it takes place in maramon near kozhencherry during february on the vast sand bed of the pamba river next to the kozhencherry bridge the first convention was held in march 1895 for 10 days another major convention in kerala is the annual central travancore convention held at saint stephen s cathedral makamkunnu of the malankara orthodox syrian church 287 288 the first convention was held in 1915 one of the biggest conventions of the malankara orthodox syrian church is the kallooppara orthodox convention 289 it takes place on the koithottu sand banks of the manimala river with over 5 000 annual participants 290 this convention was started in 1943 lasting 8 days ranni orthodox convention is an annual convention of the malankara orthodox syrian church 291 the convention is now held in ranni town at mar gregorios catholicate centre and began in 1967 mallapally orthodox syrian convention of the malankara orthodox syrian church is an annual convention in mallapally pathanamthitta 292 the first convention took place in 1989 at mallapally valiyapally st john s bethany orthodox valiyapally trivandrum orthodox convention is an annual convention organized by trivandrum orthodox diocese 293 the convention takes place at holy trinity aramana ulloor and was started in 1988 294 notable saint thomas christians main article list of saint thomas christians in literature in the god of small things by arundhati roy and the covenant of water by abraham verghese the novels feature a syrian christian family see also christianity portal india portal saint thomas christian denominations indo persian ecclesiastical relations india east syriac ecclesiastical province nestorianism and the church in india christianity in kerala christianity in india churches of kerala suriyani malayalam sources references 1 2 thomas 2018 p 4 eparchy of saint thomas the apostle of chicago syro malabarese catholic hierarchy org david m cheney retrieved 23 january 2015 the stcei indianchristianity com retrieved 24 september 2017 1 2 ross israel j 1979 ritual and music in south india syrian christian liturgical music in kerala asian music 11 1 80 98 doi 10 2307 833968 jstor 833968 1 2 king daniel 12 december 2018 the syriac world routledge p 784 isbn 978 1 317 48211 6 j l283 syrian christians of india descend from j y146401 that lived in the levant 900 bc and likely europe before that mygrations 4 november 2019 perczel 2013 p 416 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 brock 2011a 1 2 3 fahlbusch erwin bromiley geoffrey william lochman jan milic 2008 the encyclodedia of christianity wm b eerdmans publishing p 285 isbn 978 0 8028 2417 2 1 2 israel museum 1995 the jews of india a story of three communities upne p 27 isbn 978 965 278 179 6 considine john joseph kernan thomas 1942 across a world longmans green p 67 1 2 3 4 baum winkler 2003 p 52 1 2 bundy david d 2011 timotheos i in sebastian p brock aaron m butts george a kiraz lucas van rompay eds gorgias encyclopedic dictionary of the syriac heritage electronic edition gorgias press retrieved 22 september 2016 how did timur change the history of the world archived from the original on 12 december 2022 retrieved 15 june 2026 10 terrors of the tyrant tamerlane 15 january 2018 archived from the original on 15 september 2024 the forgotten church of the east eurasia sil org the church of the east two thousand years of martyrdom and mission 27 january 2016 archived from the original on 17 april 2024 frykenberg 2008 p 111 christians of saint thomas encyclopædia britannica retrieved 9 february 2010 frykenberg 2008 pp 134 136 perczel istván september 2014 garshuni malayalam a witness to an early stage of indian christian literature hugoye journal of syriac studies 17 2 291 encyclopedia britannica 2011 synod of diamper encyclopedia britannica online encyclopedia britannica inc retrieved 23 december 2011 for the acts and decrees of the synod cf michael geddes a short history of the church of malabar together with the synod of diamper c london 1694 repr in george menachery ed indian church history classics vol 1 ollur 1998 pp 33 112 f l cross e a livingstone eds 2009 2005 addai and mari liturgy of the oxford dictionary of the christian church 3rd rev ed oxford university press isbn 9780192802903 india report on the census of travancore census 1871 censusindia gov in retrieved 8 december 2024 india cochin part i ii vol xix census 1941 new census gov in retrieved 8 december 2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 joseph 2011 kerala syrian christian apostle in india the tomb of the apostle persian church syond of diamper coonan cross oath subsequent divisions and the nasrani people nasranis 13 february 2007 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 brock 2011c george v c the church in india before and after the synod of diamper prakasam publications he wished to propagate nestorianism within the community misunderstanding arose between him and the assyrian patriarch and from the year 1962 onwards the chaldean syrian church in malabar has had two sections within it one known as the patriarch party and the other as the bishop s party church of the east in india archived from the original on 15 may 2011 retrieved 2 october 2010 1 2 3 4 brock 2011b south asia missions advanced research and communication center 1980 p 114 isbn 978 0 912552 33 0 the mar thoma syrian church which represents the protestant reform movement broke away from the syrian orthodox church in the 19th century 1 2 3 fenwick 2011b ecumenical relations marthomanae org 9 may 2016 archived from the original on 1 july 2017 retrieved 26 june 2017 mission vision st thomas evangelical church of india steci is an episcopal church archived from the original on 18 january 2021 retrieved 27 april 2020 dalal roshen 18 april 2014 the religions of india a concise guide to nine major faiths penguin books isbn 978 81 8475 396 7 1 2 3 4 neill 2002 pp 247 251 1 2 fahlbusch erwin lochman jan milic bromiley geoffrey william mbiti john pelikan jaroslav vischer lukas 1999 the encyclopedia of christianity wm b eerdmans publishing pp 687 688 isbn 978 90 04 11695 5 1 2 melton j gordon baumann martin 21 september 2010 religions of the world a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices 2nd edition 6 volumes abc clio p 707 isbn 978 1 59884 204 3 1 2 anderson allan tang edmond 2005 asian and pentecostal the charismatic face of christianity in asia ocms pp 192 193 195 196 203 204 isbn 978 1 870345 43 9 1 2 bergunder michael 6 june 2008 the south indian pentecostal movement in the twentieth century wm b eerdmans publishing pp 15 16 26 30 37 57 isbn 978 0 8028 2734 0 1 2 županov ines g 2005 missionary tropics the catholic frontier in india 16th 17th centuries university of michigan p 99 and note isbn 0 472 11490 5 malieckal bindu 2005 muslims matriliny and a midsummer night s dream european encounters with the mappilas of malabar india the muslim world 95 2 300 doi 10 1111 j 1478 1913 2005 00092 x mathur p r g 1977 the mappila fisherfolk of kerala a study in inter relationship between habitat technology economy society and culture kerala historical society p 1 vadakkekara 2007 p 52 1 2 vellian 1986 p 0 1 1 2 malekandathil 2003 pp 19 20 1 2 podipara 1971 p 2 1 2 3 frykenberg 2010 p 113 kollaparambil 1992 pp 84 85 zacharia paul lynn johnson the surprisingly early history of christianity in india smithsonian magazine thomas the apostole 8 february 2011 archived from the original on 8 february 2011 search for india s ancient city 11 june 2006 arrival of st thomas the visit of st thomas is still a matter of dispute among historians there are only very limited details about him in the bible kerala tourism archived government of kerala archived from the original on 14 january 2025 retrieved 10 july 2025 cite web cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link bayly 2004 p 244 1 2 thomas puthiakunnel 1973 jewish colonies of india paved the way for st thomas the saint thomas christian encyclopedia of india ed george menachery vol ii trichur frykenberg 2008 p 99 klijn 2003 p 15 childers 2011 medlycott 1912 eusebius book v chapter 10 frykenberg 2008 p 103 baum winkler 2003 p 52 medlycott 1912 whitehouse 1873 pp 12 20 indian christianity indianchristianity com retrieved 15 june 2026 frykenberg 2008 p 92 the song of thomas ramban in menachery g ed 1998 the indian church history classics vol i the nazranies ollur 1998 isbn 81 87133 05 8 whitehouse thomas 1873 lingerings of light in a dark land researches into the syrian church of malabar william brown and co pp 23 42 james arampulickal 1994 the pastoral care of the syro malabar catholic migrants oriental institute of religious studies india publications p 40 orientalia christiana periodica commentaril de re orientali volumes 17 18 pontificium institutum orientalium studiorum 1951 p 233 adrian hastings 15 august 2000 a world history of christianity wm b eerdmans p 149 isbn 978 0 8028 4875 8 department of tourism seven and half churches ezhara pallikal muthiah s 1999 madras rediscovered a historical guide to looking around supplemented with tales of once upon a city east west books p 113 isbn 818 685 222 0 frykenberg 2008 p 99 mundadan thekkedath 1982 pp 30 32 mani thattunkal zachariah 2016 thomaasleehaayude kerala christhavasabha onnaam noottaandil t z mani p 14 isbn missing full citation needed ay...
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