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talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1962 confrontation between the us and ussr missile crisis redirects here for the euromissile crisis see euromissile crisis cuban missile redirects here for the baseball player see aroldis chapman cuban missile crisis part of the cold war and the aftermath of the cuban revolution left to right top to bottom a us jupiter medium range ballistic missile mrbm soviet r 12 mrbms in moscow the us presents evidence of r 12s in cuba to the united nations security council r 12 launch site in cuba soviet surface to air missile site in cuba us u 2 spyplanes flown and shot down during the crisis us f 102s in alaska scrambled with nuclear air to air missiles soviet submarine b 59 surfaces after almost firing its nuclear torpedo on the us blockade date 16 28 october 1962 naval blockade of cuba ended on 20 november location cuba result conflict resolved diplomatically publicized removal of soviet nuclear missiles from cuba non publicized removal of american nuclear missiles from turkey and italy agreement with the soviet union that the united states would never invade cuba without direct provocation creation of a nuclear hotline between the united states and the soviet union parties involved in the crisis soviet union cuba united states united kingdom italy turkey commanders and leaders nikita khrushchev anastas mikoyan rodion malinovsky matvei zakharov sergey biryuzov issa pliyev giorgi abashvili fidel castro raúl castro che guevara john f kennedy robert mcnamara maxwell d taylor curtis lemay george w anderson robert f kennedy harold macmillan peter thorneycroft sir thomas pike amintore fanfani giulio andreotti cemal gürsel i̇lhami sancar strength 43 000 soldiers 100 000 180 000 estimated casualties and losses none 1 u 2 spy aircraft lost 1 us pilot killed western bloc allies of the united states australia belgium canada colombia denmark france greece former kingdom iceland israel italy japan luxembourg norway netherlands new zealand pakistan dominion until 1977 philippines portugal spain since 1975 82 south africa dominion south korea south vietnam since 1950 state turkey since 1952 taiwan thailand united kingdom west germany related organizations nato seato anzus eec european union western european union five eyes alliance cold war events yalta conference potsdam conference iron curtain truman doctrine marshall plan berlin blockade korean war vietnam war suez crisis berlin wall cuban missile crisis soviet afghan war 1980 moscow olympics 1984 los angeles olympics gulf war universal newsreel about the cuban missile crisis the cuban missile crisis also known as the october crisis in cuba spanish crisis de octubre or the caribbean crisis russian карибский кризис romanized karibskiy krizis was a 13 day confrontation between the governments of the united states and the soviet union when american deployments of nuclear missiles in the united kingdom italy and turkey were matched by soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in cuba the crisis lasted from 16 to 28 october 1962 the confrontation is widely considered the closest the cold war came to escalating into full scale nuclear war 1 in 1959 the us government deployed thor nuclear missiles in england an initiative known as project emily in 1961 the us put jupiter nuclear missiles in italy and turkey all were within range of moscow the us had also trained a paramilitary force of cuban expatriates for a cia led attempt to invade cuba and overthrow its government in april 1961 starting in november of that year the us government engaged in a violent campaign of terrorism and sabotage in cuba referred to as the cuban project which continued throughout the first half of the 1960s the soviet administration was concerned about a cuban drift towards china with which the soviets had an increasingly strained relationship in response to these factors the soviet and cuban governments agreed at a meeting between leaders nikita khrushchev and fidel castro in july 1962 to place nuclear missiles on cuba to deter a future us invasion construction of launch facilities started shortly thereafter a u 2 spy plane captured photographic evidence of medium and long range launch facilities in october us president john f kennedy convened a meeting of the national security council and other key advisers forming the executive committee of the national security council excomm kennedy was advised to carry out an air strike on cuban soil in order to compromise soviet missile supplies followed by an invasion of the cuban mainland he chose a less aggressive course in order to avoid a declaration of war on 22 october kennedy ordered a naval blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching cuba 2 he referred to the blockade as a quarantine not as a blockade so the us could avoid the formal implications of a state of war 3 an agreement was eventually reached between kennedy and khrushchev the soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in cuba subject to united nations verification in exchange for a us public declaration and agreement not to invade cuba again the united states secretly agreed to dismantle all of the offensive weapons it had deployed to turkey all thors in the uk were disbanded by august 1963 while the soviets dismantled their missiles some soviet bombers remained in cuba and the united states kept the naval quarantine in place until 20 november 1962 3 4 the blockade was formally ended on 20 november after all offensive missiles and bombers had been withdrawn from cuba the evident necessity of a quick and direct communication line between the two powers resulted in the moscow washington hotline a series of agreements later reduced us soviet tensions for several years the compromise embarrassed khrushchev and the soviet union because the withdrawal of us missiles from italy and turkey was a secret deal between kennedy and khrushchev and the soviets were seen as retreating from a situation that they had started khrushchev s fall from power two years later was in part because of the soviet politburo s embarrassment at both khrushchev s eventual concessions to the us and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis according to the soviet ambassador to the united states anatoly dobrynin the top soviet leadership took the cuban outcome as a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation 5 6 background cuba soviet relations main article escalante affair in late 1961 fidel castro asked for more sa 2 anti aircraft missiles from the soviet union the request was not acted upon by the soviet leadership in the interval castro began criticizing the soviets for lack of revolutionary boldness and began talking to china about agreements for economic assistance in march 1962 castro ordered the ousting of anibal escalante and his pro moscow comrades from cuba s integrated revolutionary organizations this affair alarmed the soviet leadership and raised fears of a possible us invasion as a result the soviet union sent more sa 2 anti aircraft missiles in april as well as a regiment of regular soviet troops 7 historian timothy naftali writes that escalante s dismissal was a motivating factor behind the soviet decision to place nuclear missiles in cuba in 1962 according to naftali soviet foreign policy planners were concerned that castro s break with escalante foreshadowed a cuban drift toward china and they sought to solidify the soviet cuban relationship through the missile basing program 8 cuba us relations further information operation 40 bay of pigs invasion and operation mongoose an image of the kennedy administration s plans for the bay of pigs invasion the cuban government regarded us imperialism as the primary explanation for the island s structural weaknesses 9 the us government had provided weapons money and its authority to the military dictatorship of fulgencio batista that ruled cuba until 1958 the majority of the cuban population were tired of the severe socioeconomic problems associated with the us domination of the country the cuban government was thus aware of the necessity of ending the turmoil and incongruities of us dominated prerevolution cuban society it determined that the us government s demands part of their hostile reaction to cuban government policy were unacceptable 9 10 with the end of world war ii and the start of the cold war the us government sought to promote private enterprise as an instrument for advancing us strategic interests in the developing world 11 it had grown concerned about the expansion of communism in december 1959 under the eisenhower administration and less than twelve months after the cuban revolution the central intelligence agency cia developed a plan for paramilitary action against cuba the cia recruited operatives on the island to carry out terrorism and sabotage kill civilians and cause economic damage 16 at the initiative of the cia deputy director for plans richard bissell and approved by the new president john f kennedy the us launched the attempted bay of pigs invasion in april 1961 using cia trained forces of cuban expatriates the complete failure of the invasion and the exposure of the us government s role before the operation began was a source of diplomatic embarrassment for the kennedy administration former president eisenhower told kennedy that the failure of the bay of pigs will embolden the soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do 17 10 following the failed invasion the us massively escalated its sponsorship of terrorism against cuba starting in late 1961 using the military and the cia the us government engaged in an extensive campaign of terrorism against civilian and military targets on the island the terrorist attacks killed significant numbers of civilians the us armed trained funded and directed the terrorists most of whom were cuban expatriates terrorist attacks were planned at the direction and with the participation of us government employees and launched from us territory 23 the attacks would continue through 1965 24 in january 1962 us air force general edward lansdale described the plans to overthrow the cuban government in a top secret report addressed to kennedy and officials involved with operation mongoose 25 15 cia agents or pathfinders from the special activities division were to be infiltrated into cuba to carry out sabotage and organization including radio broadcasts 26 in february 1962 the us launched an embargo against cuba 27 and lansdale presented a 26 page top secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the cuban government mandating guerrilla operations to begin in august and september open revolt and overthrow of the communist regime was hoped by the planners to occur in the first two weeks of october 15 the terrorism campaign and the threat of invasion were crucial factors in the soviet decision to place nuclear missiles on cuba and in the cuban government s decision to accept 32 the us government was aware at the time as reported to the president in a national intelligence estimate that the invasion threat was a key reason for the increased soviet military presence 33 34 us soviet relations main article missile gap see also berlin crisis of 1961 john f kennedy 1917 1963 and nikita khrushchev 1894 1971 in vienna austria in may 1961 when kennedy ran for president in 1960 one of his key election issues was an alleged missile gap with the soviets in fact the us at that time was ahead of the soviets and by an increasingly wide margin in 1961 the soviets had four r 7 semyorka intercontinental ballistic missiles icbms by october 1962 some intelligence estimates indicated a figure of 75 35 the us had 170 icbms and was quickly building more it also had eight george washington and ethan allen class ballistic missile submarines with the capability to launch 16 polaris missiles each with a range of 2 500 nautical miles 4 600 km the soviet first secretary nikita khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he boasted to the world that the soviets were building missiles like sausages but soviet missile numbers and capabilities were nowhere close to his assertions the soviet union had medium range ballistic missiles in quantity about 700 but they were unreliable and inaccurate the us had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads 27 000 against 3 600 and in the technology required for accurate delivery the us also led in missile defensive capabilities naval and air power the soviets had a two to one advantage in conventional ground forces particularly in field guns and tanks in the european theatre 35 khrushchev also thought kennedy was weak this impression was confirmed by the president s response during the berlin crisis of 1961 particularly to the building of the berlin wall by east germany to prevent its citizens from emigrating to the west 36 the half hearted nature of the bay of pigs invasion reinforced his impression that kennedy was indecisive and as one soviet aide wrote too young intellectual not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations too intelligent and too weak 17 speaking to soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis khrushchev said i know for certain that kennedy doesn t have a strong background nor generally speaking does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge he told his son sergei that on cuba kennedy would make a fuss make more of a fuss and then agree 37 prelude conception in may 1962 soviet first secretary nikita khrushchev decided to counter the growing lead of the us in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing soviet intermediate range nuclear missiles in cuba despite the misgivings of the soviet ambassador in havana alexandr ivanovich alexeyev who argued that castro would not accept them 38 khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the us was perceived to have a splendid first strike capability that put the soviet union at a disadvantage in 1962 the soviets had only 20 icbms capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the us from inside the soviet union 39 their poor accuracy and reliability raised serious doubts about their effectiveness a newer more reliable generation of soviet icbms only became operational after 1965 39 soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on icbms than on medium and intermediate range ballistic missiles mrbms and irbms which could strike american allies and most of alaska from soviet territory but not the contiguous united states as graham allison the director of harvard university s belfer center for science and international affairs po...
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