Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, factors, democratization, of, economic, south, united, political, international, historical, capital, elite, war, contents, description, by, country, causes, notes, references, sources, further, reading, external, links, measures, waves, athens, benin, brazil, chile, france, germany, greece, indonesia, italy, japan, madagascar, malawi, latin, america, portugal, philippines, senegal, spain, africa, korea, soviet, union, switzerland, roman, republic, tunisia, ukraine, kingdom, states, cultural, theories, based, on, agents, choices, women, suffrage, sequencing, causality, key, works, overviews, the, research, development, modernization, theory, mobility, classes, cleavages, alliances, rulers, need, for, taxation, inequality, democracy, natural, resources, values, religion, education, social, civil, society, opposition, negotiations, contingency, driven, scrambled, constituencies, death, or, ouster, dictator, national, security, peace, institutions, promotion, foreign, influence, intervention, geographic, legacies,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (943), and (546), #democracy (240), that (191), democratization (162), political (131), from (107), democratic (96), doi (96), for (94), press (88), edit (86), university (86), was (68), with (66), new (57), issn (57), war (54), s2cid (54), this (52), cambridge (51), revolution (50), economic (49), development (46), politics (44), more (41), international (40), world (40), science (39), isbn (38), government (38), state (38), 978 (36), have (36), retrieved (35), which (35), republic (34), not (34), regime (33), are (33), civil (32), social (32), transition (32), journal (32), after (31), york (31), institutions (31), society (31), power (29), peace (28), party (27), american (27), review (26), america (26), 2020 (26), but (26), states (25), national (25), theory (25), democracies (25), elites (25), between (25), other (24), authoritarian (24), had (24), has (23), europe (23), pdf (23), 1017 (23), constitution (23), research (22), countries (22), dictatorship (22), were (22), country (22), rights (21), south (21), james (21), archived (21), latin (21), some (21), through (21), study (21), elections (21), movement (20), michael (20), 2014 (20), princeton (20), when (20), during (20), italy (20), february (19), people (19), opposition (19), 2015 (19), transitions (19), studies (19), 2016 (19), robert (19), original (19), africa (19), first (19), factors (19), about (18), comparative (18), soviet (18), european (18), how (18), 2019 (18), history (18), december (18), resource (18), there (18), been (18), april (17), italian (17), 2012 (17), modernization (17), oxford (17), 2022 (17), elite (17), capital (17), led (17), oil (17), they (17), can (17), excerpt (17), may (16), protests (16), causes (16), 2017 (16), waves (16), origins (16), historical (16), liberal (16), parliament (16), section (16), argued (16), also (16), non (15), public (15), john (15), rule (15), change (15), one (15), 2011 (15), july (15), 1177 (15), wealth (15), found (15), military (15), period (15), january (14), union (14), 1991 (14), evidence (14), christian (14), eds (14), 2010 (14), what (14), daniel (14), analysis (14), authoritarianism (14), 2021 (14), wave (14), only (14), into (14), process (14), likely (14), spanish (13), human (13), germany (13), reforms (13), david (13), regimes (13), june (13), huntington (13), march (13), education (13), these (13), under (12), eastern (12), popular (12), theories (12), 2000 (12), freedom (12), middle (12), 1990 (12), century (12), modern (12), natural (12), independence (12), french (12), election (12), scholars (12), because (12), argues (12), such (12), their (12), referendum (12), aquino (12), all (11), 2018 (11), global (11), law (11), united (11), 1989 (11), against (11), civic (11), 2003 (11), 2004 (11), autocratic (11), przeworski (11), adam (11), cultural (11), robinson (11), its (11), jstor (11), 2023 (11), part (11), security (11), rise (11), series (11), trade (11), september (11), 1993 (11), constitutional (11), became (11), british (11), representative (11), moore (11), 1992 (11), monarchy (11), however (11), then (11), began (11), general (11), kingdom (11), support (11), according (11), way (10), free (10), 2009 (10), welzel (10), samuel (10), organizations (10), 1353 (10), hdl (10), october (10), inequality (10), relationship (10), exit (10), established (10), argue (10), many (10), while (10), korea (9), spain (9), japan (9), related (9), communist (9), economy (9), since (9), 1848 (9), culture (9), class (9), 2005 (9), berman (9), acemoglu (9), long (9), foreign (9), conflict (9), strong (9), values (9), who (9), case (9), mobility (9), right (9), over (9), time (9), whether (9), lead (9), his (9), rulers (9), apartheid (9), organization (8), wars (8), benin (8), ukraine (8), resistance (8), years (8), annual (8), parties (8), 1986 (8), survival (8), lipset (8), steven (8), order (8), western (8), menaldo (8), daron (8), 2008 (8), institutional (8), 1086 (8), suffrage (8), out (8), self (8), curse (8), violent (8), stephens (8), stable (8), leader (8), those (8), 1946 (8), chile (8), less (8), than (8), difficult (8), example (8), cases (8), main (8), citizens (8), majority (8), driven (8), include (8), would (8), roman (8), marcos (8), view (7), wikipedia (7), policy (7), august (7), link (7), links (7), articles (7), different (7), reform (7), yale (7), control (7), post (7), events (7), coup (7), fall (7), 1987 (7), unrest (7), china (7), forces (7), anti (7), critical (7), 1997 (7), munck (7), gerardo (7), 1999 (7), does (7), making (7), 2006 (7), women (7), demand (7), well (7), emergence (7), martin (7), knutsen (7), day (7), further (7), miller (7), dahl (7), participation (7), societies (7), 1146 (7), annurev (7), polisci (7), joseph (7), effect (7), weimar (7), west (7), voting (7), 1080 (7), mass (7), islam (7), third (7), thesis (7), golder (7), parliamentary (7), article (7), second (7), argument (7), increased (7), linked (7), threat (7), fascist (7), account (7), levels (7), higher (7), changes (7), population (7), albert (7), 1974 (7), toggle (6), commons (6), 2026 (6), external (6), greek (6), later (6), 1988 (6), ronald (6), empire (6), perspectives (6), electoral (6), vol (6), inglehart (6), 2013 (6), routledge (6), capitalist (6), cause (6), vote (6), being (6), scott (6), dictatorships (6), seymour (6), thomas (6), victor (6), key (6), quarterly (6), debate (6), 107 (6), territorial (6), term (6), republican (6), 1111 (6), 2002 (6), 1093 (6), expansion (6), peaceful (6), three (6), system (6), income (6), ruling (6), based (6), 0003 (6), 0554 (6), type (6), 106 (6), ross (6), 123 (6), resources (6), dunning (6), effects (6), liberties (6), response (6), autocracy (6), stasavage (6), growth (6), explain (6), eventually (6), house (6), establishment (6), english (6), dignity (6), tunisia (6), tunisian (6), common (6), malawi (6), madagascar (6), two (6), brazil (6), end (6), death (6), known (6), challenged (6), north (6), increase (6), likelihood (6), finds (6), claim (6), occurs (6), groups (6), emerge (6), negotiations (6), increases (6), used (6), indonesia (6), philippines (6), athens (6), indices (6), page (5), cs1 (5), sources (5), description (5), concepts (5), data (5), liberalization (5), strikes (5), german (5), demonstrations (5), east (5), front (5), movements (5), paul (5), leaders (5), methods (5), demokratizatsiya (5), socialist (5), cold (5), bloc (5), institute (5), idea (5), open (5), 115 (5), conservative (5), charles (5), 2007 (5), reduces (5), 1959 (5), consolidation (5), levitsky (5), 2001 (5), stephen (5), dictators (5), industrial (5), why (5), collier (5), paths (5), features (5), boix (5), carles (5), redistribution (5), sheri (5), 1977 (5), transición (5), ssrn (5), building (5), legacies (5), left (5), promotion (5), limited (5), will (5), labor (5), herbst (5), 0022 (5), nonviolent (5), treisman (5), 691 (5), democratizing (5), 0010 (5), model (5), nazi (5), putnam (5), makes (5), 1973 (5), before (5), rents (5), voice (5), loyalty (5), representation (5), dietrich (5), rueschemeyer (5), chicago (5), financial (5), networks (5), stability (5), archives (5), clark (5), england (5), supported (5), king (5), seen (5), bill (5), most (5), magna (5), carta (5), federal (5), 1948 (5), important (5), including (5), 1978 (5), major (5), successful (5), early (5), did (5), replaced (5), contributed (5), whereas (5), form (5), policies (5), dictator (5), act (5), make (5), shows (5), allowed (5), empirical (5), followed (5), individuals (5), certain (5), participatory (5), large (5), year (5), move (5), hide (5), crisis (5), following (5), snap (5), president (5), table (4), contents (4), search (4), legal (4), terms (4), references (4), source (4), ipa (4), short (4), types (4), index (4), france (4), dissolution (4), demonstration (4), central (4), forum (4), regional (4), dan (4), list (4), measures (4), era (4), internal (4), revolutions (4), encyclopedia (4), jørgen (4), svend (4), erik (4), skaaning (4), london (4), perspective (4), formation (4), geddes (4), barbara (4), twenty (4), antonio (4), van (4), handbook (4), big (4), rising (4), 170 (4), 1972 (4), fernando (4), market (4), donnell (4), guillermo (4), schmitter (4), hopkins (4), 105 (4), 1996 (4), problems (4), lucan (4), competitive (4), hybrid (4), sequence (4), francis (4), carl (4), henrik (4), ruth (4), working (4), albertus (4), works (4), lessons (4), 2307 (4), 103 (4), asia (4), almost (4), wilson (4), affect (4), 1971 (4), junctures (4), roots (4), promote (4), jon (4), outside (4), 549 (4), 1531 (4), risse (4), governance (4), forced (4), edward (4), resolution (4), 102 (4), riots (4), 108 (4), slater (4), shock (4), 3338 (4), haber (4), thad (4), 4140 (4), influence (4), autocracies (4), november (4), cite (4), liberty (4), weak (4), inclusive (4), limits (4), association (4), 145 (4), consent (4), great (4), britain (4), 1789 (4), peasant (4), see (4), barrington (4), evelyne (4), 2024 (4), industrialization (4), failed (4), 1994 (4), information (4), victory (4), revolutionary (4), 17th (4), constitutionalism (4), although (4), 1689 (4), liberals (4), declaration (4), library (4), regular (4), liberation (4), where (4), mandela (4), 1943 (4), athenian (4), suggests (4), consensus (4), count (4), same (4), storica (4), notes (4), greece (4), across (4), find (4), point (4), sequencing (4), high (4), occurred (4), 1970s (4), equality (4), held (4), among (4), presented (4), geographic (4), sometimes (4), intervention (4), number (4), leads (4), contribute (4), largely (4), 176 (4), constituencies (4), region (4), asserts (4), cleavages (4), civilian (4), meant (4), concessions (4), scientist (4), prevent (4), governments (4), incumbent (4), them (4), get (4), democrat (4), actors (4), existing (4), creation (4), even (4), refers (4), engagement (4), various (4), primary (4), become (4), thus (4), both (4), place (4), ecuador (4), need (4), landed (4), classes (4), initially (4), elected (4), took (4), leading (4), switzerland (4), multi (4), direct (4), état (4), senegal (4), proclamation (4), announced (4), 000 (4), powers (4), throughout (4), portugal (4), portal (4), assembly (4), statute (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), safety (3), text (3), using (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), language (3), wayback (3), dead (3), lacking (3), org (3), communism (3), czechoslovakia (3), removal (3), polish (3), agreement (3), individual (3), elsewhere (3), russia (3), poland (3), alliance (3), democrats (3), violence (3), charter (3), reagan (3), strike (3), action (3), gorbachev (3), chinese (3), characteristics (3), doctrine (3), days (3), invasion (3), collapse (3), media (3), criticism (3), around (3), living (3), polity (3), 100 (3), wright (3), elsevier (3), sciences (3), møller (3), mazzuca (3), sebastián (3), know (3), cheibub (3), contention (3), empowerment (3), dawn (3), franchise (3), cornell (3), understanding (3), limongi (3), 1950 (3), philippe (3), johns (3), conclusions (3), theoretical (3), approaches (3), legitimacy (3), juan (3), alfred (3), stepan (3), southern (3), fukuyama (3), farrar (3), straus (3), giroux (3), decay (3), staffan (3), lindberg (3), develop (3), decline (3), berins (3), toward (3), present (3), reading (3), past (3), carlos (3), oclc (3), 158 (3), electronic (3), quality (3), wig (3), road (3), polyarchy (3), little (3), insights (3), independent (3), 0020 (3), 8833 (3), pevehouse (3), 5088 (3), jod (3), good (3), 1057 (3), palgrave (3), agreements (3), book (3), interaction (3), spread (3), borders (3), 1919 (3), jeffrey (3), 117 (3), renske (3), doorenspleet (3), erica (3), frantz (3), olson (3), opportunity (3), smith (3), peter (3), 101 (3), 1007 (3), choice (3), leadership (3), wong (3), 1094 (3), 2939 (3), stokes (3), susan (3), endogenous (3), 0043 (3), 8871 (3), 1966 (3), markoff (3), lisa (3), rustow (3), dankwart (3), 1970 (3), intensive (3), 200 (3), 1962 (3), dahlum (3), expression (3), 437 (3), small (3), size (3), eric (3), muslim (3), 1537 (3), bibcode (3), religion (3), crude (3), meta (3), narrow (3), 109 (3), special (3), game (3), governed (3), today (3), 1985 (3), taxation (3), henry (3), mahoney (3), earlier (3), 1976 (3), relations (3), late (3), developing (3), 205 (3), ideas (3), edu (3), causal (3), beyond (3), liberalism (3), achieved (3), commercial (3), notion (3), effective (3), means (3), subjects (3), just (3), sense (3), man (3), debates (3), document (3), structures (3), ben (3), jasmine (3), klerk (3), receive (3), tyranny (3), 2025 (3), universal (3), italiano (3), occupation (3), attempt (3), dem (3), coups (3), gunitsky (3), seva (3), domestic (3), matthew (3), historians (3), suggest (3), attempted (3), cavour (3), 1861 (3), least (3), former (3), radical (3), unification (3), sardinia (3), quantitative (3), counter (3), claims (3), discussion (3), impact (3), much (3), greater (3), without (3), achieve (3), helps (3), importance (3), path (3), subsequent (3), soon (3), interventions (3), literature (3), membership (3), adopted (3), pressure (3), democratize (3), situations (3), collective (3), direction (3), requires (3), egalitarian (3), opposite (3), showing (3), take (3), island (3), revenue (3), improve (3), identity (3), broader (3), taiwan (3), once (3), taken (3), forms (3), mixed (3), limit (3), several (3), result (3), seek (3), influential (3), made (3), mistakes (3), weakened (3), hold (3), processes (3), retain (3), giving (3), strength (3), rules (3), implement (3), structural (3), emphasize (3), circumstances (3), ultimately (3), read (3), agents (3), choices (3), revolt (3), cultures (3), communities (3), never (3), create (3), conducive (3), remained (3), focuses (3), reliance (3), islamic (3), cited (3), plausible (3), dominant (3), highly (3), sovereignty (3), territory (3), activities (3), workers (3), multiple (3), bourgeoisie (3), alliances (3), backsliding (3), rest (3), medium (3), reasons (3), included (3), male (3), until (3), african (3), congress (3), executive (3), restored (3), restoration (3), petition (3), interest (3), dissident (3), campaign (3), event (3), overthrow (3), cpsu (3), uprising (3), presidential (3), ended (3), topics (3), massacre (3), contract (3), 1975 (3), ongoing (3), unido (3), promulgation (3), pambansa (3), comelec (3), administration (3), jaja (3), ferdinand (3), redemocratization (3), portuguese (3), japanese (3), 1922 (3), force (3), metapolitefsi (3), brazilian (3), grassroots (3), classical (3), adams (3), identified (3), tools (3), languages (2), mobile (2), contact (2), privacy (2), use (2), attribution (2), last (2), categories (2), category (2), deprecated (2), reliable (2), maint (2), periodical (2), pages (2), containing (2), philosophy (2), https (2), authority (2), neo (2), conflicts (2), warsaw (2), pact (2), belarusian (2), summit (2), 1990s (2), black (2), malta (2), border (2), berlin (2), hungarian (2), round (2), hungary (2), austria (2), yemen (2), moldova (2), kazakhstan (2), latvia (2), estonia (2), azerbaijan (2), armenia (2), albania (2), inter (2), group (2), initiative (2), autonomous (2), pope (2), george (2), viacheslav (2), chornovil (2), joachim (2), feng (2), ling (2), alexander (2), chains (2), denis (2), mathieu (2), kérékou (2), mikhail (2), socialism (2), opening (2), 500 (2), sponsored (2), terrorism (2), background (2), assistance (2), wikiquote (2), look (2), deutsch (2), revisited (2), reviews (2), patrick (2), potter (2), explaining (2), lewis (2), 144 (2), machine (2), coppedge (2), josé (2), raymond (2), vreeland (2), overviews (2), ziblatt (2), birth (2), future (2), illiberal (2), abroad (2), quest (2), emancipation (2), tilly (2), jan (2), determinants (2), 1998 (2), rosenfeld (2), bryn (2), dependency (2), baltimore (2), tentative (2), uncertain (2), requisites (2), haggard (2), kaufman (2), washington (2), brancati (2), significance (2), ancien (2), régime (2), tremlett (2), ortuño (2), anaya (2), española (2), orme (2), four (2), 2151183 (2), 0032 (2), 457 (2), korean (2), 20th (2), katsiaficas (2), colomer (2), rubio (2), gil (2), andrés (2), casanova (2), gibler (2), douglas (2), current (2), rowman (2), littlefield (2), morrison (2), 4494230 (2), 2139 (2), trap (2), gjerløw (2), riches (2), goals (2), boston (2), developmental (2), norman (2), oklahoma (2), deudney (2), 4008 (2), 3727 (2), bounding (2), polis (2), village (2), gerring (2), tore (2), 009 (2), diffusion (2), syria (2), 251 (2), aid (2), 154702046 (2), 1162 (2), 002081802760199872 (2), 515 (2), 3214 (2), 960445 (2), oxfordhb (2), 9780199604456 (2), nato (2), 020 (2), towards (2), macmillan (2), 244 (2), boost (2), 167 (2), 137 (2), 403 (2), andrew (2), 1847 (2), kier (2), elizabeth (2), 139 (2), paxton (2), measurement (2), 111 (2), mobilization (2), outcomes (2), reassessing (2), 384 (2), 406 (2), taylor (2), mancur (2), 2938736 (2), gabriel (2), 0027 (2), window (2), sub (2), saharan (2), jose (2), 143 (2), sword (2), isq (2), mukand (2), sharun (2), rodrik (2), dani (2), 10419 (2), 130 (2), paper (2), mistake (2), weakness (2), bad (2), 18745191 (2), 0019 (2), 517 (2), 444 (2), distribution (2), 421307 (2), mattingly (2), art (2), hans (2), 3808 (2), 125 (2), fascism (2), kin (2), level (2), henrich (2), particularly (2), work (2), 1002 (2), advice (2), applications (2), 149 (2), 198 (2), 179 (2), eduardo (2), 2053168015613360 (2), 2053 (2), 1680 (2), friedman (2), capitalism (2), reinvestigating (2), 0007 (2), 1234 (2), 148 (2), 135 (2), stanford (2), blaydes (2), chaney (2), divergence (2), barro (2), fish (2), 0004 (2), educated (2), 129 (2), run (2), petroleum (2), private (2), 2053168017719794 (2), missing (2), lucas (2), rentier (2), 522 (2), andersen (2), dependence (2), jay (2), uses (2), help (2), citeseerx (2), nathan (2), 325 (2), 241 (2), corridor (2), despotic (2), emerges (2), competition (2), phenomena (2), via (2), 300 (2), 162 (2), bates (2), donald (2), lien (2), note (2), 1900 (2), 521 (2), debt (2), 1688 (2), samuels (2), 5927 (2), lord (2), agricultural (2), mechanization (2), knowledge (2), 131 (2), wide (2), 146 (2), valenzuela (2), bellin (2), eva (2), contingent (2), 175 (2), imf (2), www (2), mark (2), 191 (2), 164 (2), maxfield (2), sam (2), dynamics (2), urbanization (2), 1540 (2), 5907 (2), core (2), 183 (2), 155 (2), 136 (2), 121 (2), turnover (2), tom (2), sociology (2), sociologist (2), 1951731 (2), 375 (2), wood (2), radicalism (2), establishing (2), supremacy (2), distinctive (2), concept (2), essential (2), already (2), might (2), requirement (2), provisions (2), fought (2), property (2), believed (2), gradually (2), monarch (2), speech (2), putney (2), affairs (2), ali (2), say (2), name (2), our (2), remain (2), focused (2), enough (2), narrative (2), times (2), medal (2), philadelphia (2), city (2), 1800 (2), teune (2), laws (2), kent (2), calder (2), test (2), imposed (2), 1945 (2), white (2), springer (2), report (2), 1467 (2), 9477 (2), scandinavian (2), call (2), autocratization (2), 1521 (2), 9488 (2), 319 (2), 74336 (2), 1981 (2), concluded (2), formed (2), substantially (2), wing (2), followers (2), mostly (2), republicans (2), sinistra (2), destra (2), garibaldi (2), comparison (2), 180 (2), starting (2), each (2), necessarily (2), holds (2), preceded (2), concludes (2), discussed (2), 1960s (2), governmental (2), causality (2), colonies (2), prospects (2), sustenance (2), areas (2), access (2), goods (2), facilitated (2), gaining (2), beginning (2), collapsed (2), gained (2), implemented (2), consolidate (2), wrote (2), huge (2), anchoring (2), close (2), ties (2), correlated (2), 186 (2), role (2), significantly (2), posits (2), preference (2), danger (2), hand (2), consequence (2), obstacle (2), believe (2), fact (2), come (2), hypothesis (2), focus (2), fostered (2), writes (2), administrative (2), powerful (2), environment (2), near (2), prompts (2), prompted (2), 1958 (2), died (2), vast (2), ouster (2), within (2), scrambled (2), necessary (2), bottom (2), consider (2), autocrats (2), deliberately (2), provide (2), chose (2), calling (2), overthrown (2), costs (2), repression (2), away (2), authoritarians (2), outgoing (2), favor (2), resulting (2), hard (2), either (2), 161 (2), depends (2), set (2), liners (2), widely (2), offered (2), emphasizes (2), contingency (2), associated (2), armed (2), boycotts (2), disobedience (2), contributes (2), renewed (2), divisions (2), community (2), despite (2), rather (2), interests (2), norms (2), trust (2), together (2), horizontal (2), able (2), better (2), kinds (2), claimed (2), student (2), rates (2), true (2), often (2), acceleration (2), observed (2), adoption (2), voter (2), 140 (2), offer (2), version (2), conclude (2), chances (2), homogeneity (2), undemocratic (2), parts (2), local (2), bargaining (2), compatibility (2), arguments (2), confucian (2), influenced (2), elements (2), others (2), botswana (2), india (2), negative (2), historian (2), variable (2), fears (2), finance (2), enabled (2), surge (2), cost (2), proposes (2), wisdom (2), encourage (2), sole (2), nature (2), overly (2), options (2), motion (2), responses (2), hirschman (2), bargain (2), tax (2), montesquieu (2), reliant (2), occur (2), pluralism (2), agriculture (2), authors (2), assessment (2), conditional (2), always (2), theorists (2), money (2), bigger (2), sectors (2), called (2), service (2), came (2), 1930s (2), advanced (2), depression (2), subsequently (2), referred (2), created (2), single (2), abolished (2), reconstruction (2), representatives (2), oligarchic (2), passed (2), described (2), protest (2), worked (2), ukrainian (2), longtime (2), democratisation (2), next (2), amidst (2), widespread (2), paragraphs (2), street (2), arab (2), spring (2), centuries (2), federalism (2), russian (2), introduced (2), officials (2), pro (2), struggle (2), culminated (2), anc (2), principles (2), cape (2), legislation (2), sun (2), soweto (2), tambo (2), sisulu (2), mbeki (2), nelson (2), chris (2), hani (2), council (2), hnp (2), church (2), assassination (2), bombing (2), trial (2), saw (2), 1982 (2), franco (2), moved (2), discourse (2), occurring (2), culminating (2), immediately (2), batasang (2), along (2), philippine (2), figures (2), poll (2), votes (2), namfrel (2), mid (2), 883 (2), salvador (2), corazon (2), nationalist (2), coalition (2), justice (2), 1983 (2), exile (2), martial (2), 1810 (2), 1940s (2), agreed (2), visa (2), traditional (2), referendums (2), legislature (2), ratsiraka (2), 1926 (2), meiji (2), pluralist (2), dominated (2), pluralistic (2), allied (2), imperial (2), 1918 (2), defeat (2), unified (2), emperor (2), albertine (2), sicilies (2), lasted (2), overthrew (2), trend (2), monarchism (2), discourses (2), publica (2), skinner (2), madison (2), jones (2), jefferson (2), flynn (2), jeffersonian (2), substantive (2), accounts (2), deliberative (2), systems (2), here (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, foundation, inc, creative, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, errors, parameters, webarchive, template, excerpts, dmy, dates, terminology, php, title, oldid, 1368371172, lux, nara, idref, israel, czech, bnf, fast, gnd, databases, pink, tide, yugoslav, stalinism, sovietism, lustration, decommunization, colour, tajikistani, belgrade, transnistria, barricades, reunification, granite, helsinki, aliyah, inner, wall, alexanderplatz, monday, baltic, pan, picnic, talks, fence, tragedy, caucasus, tibetan, jeltoqsan, somalia, mozambique, mongolia, ethiopia, congo, brazzaville, cambodia, burma, angola, afghanistan, uzbekistan, turkmenistan, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan, lithuania, georgia, chechnya, belarus, yugoslavia, romania, bulgaria, location, deputies, salvation, league, rastokhez, solidarity, sąjūdis, beijing, students, federation, bush, isaias, afwerki, meles, zenawi, aung, san, suu, kyi, zhelyu, zhelev, zianon, pazniak, vytautas, landsbergis, boris, yeltsin, vladimir, bukovsky, sanjaasürengiin, zorig, sali, berisha, gauck, congde, wang, chai, erkaixi, liu, gang, ion, iliescu, dubček, václav, havel, lech, wałęsa, samizdat, underground, magnitizdat, siad, barre, todor, zhivkov, zhao, ziyang, deng, xiaoping, heng, samrin, sassou, nguesso, win, mengistu, haile, mariam, slobodan, milošević, wojciech, jaruzelski, egon, krenz, miloš, jakeš, erich, honecker, károly, grósz, nicolae, ceaușescu, ramiz, alia, đổi, mới, glasnost, sinatra, thinking, program, khozraschyot, perestroika, uskorenie, vatican, predictions, active, insurgencies, totalitarianism
Text of the page (random words):
bing cape town peace march codesa assassination of chris hani saint james church massacre 1994 bophuthatswana crisis shell house massacre organisations anc apla ifp awb bbb black sash ccb conservative party dp ecc fosatu pp rp pfp hnp herenigde hnp herstigte mk pac udf broederbond national party cosatu security branch sacc sadf saic sama sap sacp state security council people vernon berrangé p w botha steve biko mangosuthu buthelezi f w de klerk ruth first bram fischer arthur goldreich chris hani bantu holomisa joel joffe ahmed kathrada albert luthuli winnie madikizela mandela mac maharaj d f malan nelson mandela govan mbeki thabo mbeki raymond mhlaba benjamin moloise albertina sisulu walter sisulu j g strijdom joe slovo robert sobukwe helen suzman adelaide tambo oliver tambo eugène terre blanche desmond tutu h f verwoerd b j vorster jacob zuma places bantustan district six robben island sophiatown south west africa soweto sun city vlakplaas related topics afrikaner nationalism apartheid in popular culture apartheid legislation cape qualified franchise disinvestment campaign freedom charter internal resistance to apartheid kairos document music in the movement against apartheid nostalgia for apartheid project coast sullivan principles category v t e the apartheid system in south africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi party negotiations between 1990 and 1993 the negotiations culminated in the passage of a new interim constitution in 1993 a precursor to the constitution of 1996 and in south africa s first non racial elections in 1994 won by the african national congress anc liberation movement south korea edit this section is an excerpt from june democratic struggle edit the june democratic struggle korean 6월 민주 항쟁 also known as the june democracy movement and the june uprising 41 was a nationwide pro democracy movement in south korea that generated mass protests from 10 to 29 june 1987 the demonstrations forced the ruling authoritarian government to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms which led to the establishment of the sixth republic the present day government of the republic of korea south korea soviet union edit this section is an excerpt from demokratizatsiya soviet union edit demokratizatsiya see tfm russian демократизация ipa dʲɪməkrətʲɪˈzatsɨjə democratization was a slogan introduced by cpsu general secretary mikhail gorbachev in january 1987 calling for the infusion of democratic elements into the soviet union s single party government gorbachev s demokratizatsiya meant the introduction of multi candidate though not multi party elections for local communist party cpsu officials and soviets in this way he hoped to rejuvenate the party with reform minded personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms the cpsu would retain sole custody of the ballot box 42 switzerland edit these paragraphs are an excerpt from federalism in switzerland edit the rise of federalism in switzerland began on 12 september 1848 with the creation of a federal constitution in response to a 27 day civil war the sonderbundskrieg roman republic edit this section is an excerpt from overthrow of the roman monarchy edit the overthrow of the roman monarchy was an event in ancient rome that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries bc where a political revolution replaced the then existing roman monarchy under lucius tarquinius superbus with a republic the details of the event were largely forgotten by the romans a few centuries later later roman historians presented a narrative of the events traditionally dated to c 509 bc but it is largely believed by modern scholars to be fictitious tunisia edit this section is an excerpt from tunisian revolution edit the tunisian revolution arabic الثورة التونسية also called the jasmine revolution and tunisian revolution of dignity 43 44 45 was an intensive 28 day campaign of civil resistance it included a series of street demonstrations which took place in tunisia and led to the ousting of longtime dictator zine el abidine ben ali in january 2011 46 it eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections which had led to it being described as the only successful movement in the arab spring 47 ukraine edit these paragraphs are an excerpt from 1989 1991 ukrainian revolution edit from the formal establishment of the people s movement of ukraine on 1 july 1989 to the formalisation of the declaration of independence of ukraine via referendum on 1 december 1991 a non violent protest movement worked to achieve ukrainian independence from the soviet union 48 led by soviet dissident viacheslav chornovil the protests began as a series of strikes in the donbas that led to the removal of longtime communist leader volodymyr shcherbytsky later the protests grew in size and scope leading to a human chain across the country and widespread student protests for further democratisation and the need to elect a non communist majority in the next parliamentary elections the protests were ultimately successful leading to the independence of ukraine amidst the broader dissolution of the soviet union united kingdom edit magna carta in the british library the document was described as the chief cause of democracy in england in great britain there was renewed interest in magna carta in the 17th century 49 the parliament of england enacted the petition of right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects the english civil war 1642 1651 was fought between the king and an oligarchic but elected parliament 50 during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the putney debates of 1647 51 subsequently the protectorate 1653 59 and the english restoration 1660 restored more autocratic rule although parliament passed the habeas corpus act in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence the glorious revolution in 1688 established a strong parliament that passed the bill of rights 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals 52 it set out the requirement for regular parliaments free elections rules for freedom of speech in parliament and limited the power of the monarch ensuring that unlike much of the rest of europe royal absolutism would not prevail 53 54 only with the representation of the people act 1884 did a majority of the males get the vote united states edit the american revolution 1765 1783 created the united states the new constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive a national judiciary and a bicameral congress that represented states in the senate and the population in the house of representatives 55 56 in many fields it was a success ideologically in the sense that a true republic was established that never had a single dictator but voting rights were initially restricted to white male property owners about 6 of the population 57 slavery was not abolished in the southern states until the constitutional amendments of the reconstruction era following the american civil war 1861 1865 the provision of civil rights for african americans to overcome post reconstruction jim crow segregation in the south was achieved in the 1960s causes and factors edit there is considerable debate about the factors which affect e g promote or limit democratization 58 factors discussed include economic political cultural individual agents and their choices international and historical economic factors edit economic development and modernization theory edit industrialization was seen by many theorists as a driver of democratization scholars such as seymour martin lipset 59 carles boix susan stokes 60 dietrich rueschemeyer evelyne stephens and john stephens 61 argue that economic development increases the likelihood of democratization initially argued by lipset in 1959 this has subsequently been referred to as modernization theory 62 63 according to daniel treisman there is a strong and consistent relationship between higher income and both democratization and democratic survival in the medium term 10 20 years but not necessarily in shorter time windows 64 robert dahl argued that market economies provided favorable conditions for democratic institutions 65 a higher gdp capita correlates with democracy some who claim the wealthiest democracies have never been observed to fall into authoritarianism 66 the rise of hitler and of the nazis in weimar germany can be seen as an obvious counter example although in early 1930s germany was already an advanced economy by that time the country was also living in a state of economic crisis virtually since the first world war in the 1910s a crisis that was eventually worsened by the effects of the great depression there is also the general observation that democracy was very rare before the industrial revolution empirical research thus led many to believe that economic development either increases chances for a transition to democracy or helps newly established democracies consolidate 66 67 one study finds that economic development prompts democratization but only in the medium run 10 20 years this is because development may entrench the incumbent leader while making it more difficult for him deliver the state to a son or trusted aide when he exits 68 however the debate about whether democracy is a consequence of wealth is far from conclusive 69 another study suggests that economic development depends on the political stability of a country to promote democracy 70 clark robert and golder in their reformulation of albert hirschman s model of exit voice and loyalty explain how it is not the increase of wealth in a country per se which influences a democratization process but rather the changes in the socio economic structures that come together with the increase of wealth they explain how these structural changes have been called out to be one of the main reasons several european countries became democratic when their socioeconomic structures shifted because modernization made the agriculture sector more efficient bigger investments of time and resources were used for the manufacture and service sectors in england for example members of the gentry began investing more in commercial activities that allowed them to become economically more important for the state these new kinds of productive activities came with new economic power their assets became more difficult for the state to count and hence more difficult to tax because of this predation was no longer possible and the state had to negotiate with the new economic elites to extract revenue a sustainable bargain had to be reached because the state became more dependent on its citizens remaining loyal and with this citizens now had the leverage to be taken into account in the decision making process for the country 71 unreliable source 72 adam przeworski and fernando limongi argue that while economic development makes democracies less likely to turn authoritarian there is insufficient evidence to conclude that development causes democratization turning an authoritarian state into a democracy 73 economic development can boost public support for authoritarian regimes in the short to medium term 74 andrew j nathan argues that china is a problematic case for the thesis that economic development causes democratization 75 michael miller finds that development increases the likelihood of democratization in regimes that are fragile and unstable but makes this fragility less likely to begin with 76 there is research to suggest that greater urbanization through various pathways contributes to democratization 77 78 numerous scholars and political thinkers have linked a large middle class to the emergence and sustenance of democracy 65 79 whereas others have challenged this relationship 80 in non modernization 2022 daron acemoglu and james a robinson argue that modernization theory cannot account for various paths of political development because it posits a link between economics and politics that is not conditional on institutions and culture and that presumes a definite endpoint for example an end of history 81 a meta analysis by gerardo l munck of research on lipset s argument shows that a majority of studies do not support the thesis that higher levels of economic development leads to more democracy 82 a 2024 study linked industrialization to democratization arguing that large scale employment in manufacturing made mass mobilization easier to occur and harder to repress 83 capital mobility edit theories on causes to democratization such as economic development focuses on the aspect of gaining capital capital mobility focuses on the movement of money across borders of countries different financial instruments and the corresponding restrictions in the past there have been multiple theories as to what the relationship is between capital mobility and democratization 84 the doomsway view is that capital mobility is an inherent threat to underdeveloped democracies by the worsening of economic inequalities favoring the interests of powerful elites and external actors over the rest of society this might lead to depending on money from outside therefore affecting the economic situation in other countries sylvia maxfield argues that a bigger demand for transparency in both the private and public sectors by some investors can contribute to a strengthening of democratic institutions and can encourage democratic consolidation 85 a 2016 study found that preferential trade agreements can increase democratization of a country especially trading with other democracies 86 a 2020 study found increased trade between democracies reduces democratic backsliding while trade between democracies and autocracies reduces democratization of the autocracies 87 trade and capital mobility often involve international organizations such as the international monetary fund imf world bank and world trade organization wto which can condition financial assistance or trade agreements on democratic reforms 88 classes cleavages and alliances edit theorists such as barrington moore jr argued that the roots of democratization could be found in the relationship between lords and peasants in agrarian societies sociologist barrington moore jr in his influential social origins of dictatorship and democracy 1966 argues that the distribution of power among classes the peasantry the bourgeoisie and the landed aristocracy and the nature of alliances between classes determined whether democratic authoritarian or communist revolutions occurred 89 moore also argued there were at least three routes to the modern world the liberal democratic the fascist and the communist each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition thus moore challenged modernizat...
|
