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d behind all these stood the jews 111 heydrich thought along similar lines and advocated both defensive and offensive measures on the part of the gestapo so as to prevent any subversion or destruction of the national socialist body 112 whether trained as police originally or not gestapo agents themselves were shaped by their socio political environment historian george c browder contends that there was a four part process authorisation bolstering routinisation and dehumanisation in effect which legitimised the psycho social atmosphere conditioning members of the gestapo to radicalised violence 113 browder also describes a sandwich effect where from above gestapo agents were subjected to ideologically oriented racism and criminal biological theories and from below the gestapo was transformed by ss personnel who did not have the proper police training which showed in their propensity for unrestrained violence 114 this admixture certainly shaped the gestapo s public image which they sought to maintain despite their increasing workload an image which helped them identify and eliminate enemies of the nazi state 115 population ratios methods and effectiveness contrary to popular belief the gestapo was not the all pervasive omnipotent agency in german society 116 in germany proper many towns and cities had fewer than 50 official gestapo personnel for example in 1939 stettin and frankfurt am main only had a total of 41 gestapo men combined 116 in düsseldorf the local gestapo office of only 281 men were responsible for the entire lower rhine region which comprised 4 million people 117 in lower franconia which included würzburg there were only twenty two gestapo officers overseeing 840 000 or more inhabitants this meant that the nazi secret police was reliant on germans spying on each other 118 these v men as undercover gestapo agents were known were used to infiltrate social democratic party of germany spd and communist opposition groups but this was more the exception than the rule 119 the gestapo office in saarbrücken had 50 full term informers in 1939 119 the district office in nuremberg which had the responsibility for all of northern bavaria employed a total of 80 100 full term informers between 1943 and 1945 119 the majority of gestapo informers were not full term employees working undercover but were rather ordinary citizens who chose to denounce other people to the gestapo 120 according to canadian historian robert gellately s analysis of the local offices established the gestapo was for the most part made up of bureaucrats and clerical workers who depended upon denunciations by citizens for their information gellately argued that it was because of the widespread willingness of germans to inform on each other to the gestapo that germany between 1933 and 1945 was a prime example of panopticism 121 the gestapo at times was overwhelmed with denunciations and most of its time was spent sorting out the credible from the less credible denunciations 122 many of the local offices were understaffed and overworked struggling with the paper load caused by so many denunciations 123 gellately has also suggested that the gestapo was a reactive organisation constructed within german society and whose functioning was structurally dependent on the continuing co operation of german citizens 124 after 1939 when many gestapo personnel were called up for war related work such as service with the einsatzgruppen the level of overwork and understaffing at the local offices increased 123 for information about what was happening in german society the gestapo continued to be mostly dependent upon denunciations 125 80 of all gestapo investigations were started in response to information provided by denunciations by ordinary germans while 10 were started in response to information provided by other branches of the german government and another 10 started in response to information that the gestapo itself unearthed 122 the information supplied by denunciations often led the gestapo in determining who was arrested 125 the popular picture of the gestapo with its spies everywhere terrorising german society has been rejected by many historians as a myth invented after the war as a cover for german society s widespread complicity in allowing the gestapo to work 125 126 work done by social historians such as detlev peukert robert gellately reinhard mann inge marssolek rené otto klaus michael mallmann and paul gerhard which by focusing on what the local offices were doing has shown the gestapo s almost total dependence on denunciations from ordinary germans and very much discredited the older big brother picture with the gestapo having its eyes and ears everywhere 127 for example of the 84 cases in würzburg of rassenschande race defilement sexual relations with non aryans 45 54 were started in response to denunciations by ordinary people two 2 by information provided by other branches of the government 20 24 via information gained during interrogations of people relating to other matters four 5 from information from nazi nsdap organisations two 2 during political evaluations and 11 13 have no source listed while none were started by gestapo s own observations of the people of würzburg 128 an examination of 213 denunciations in düsseldorf showed that 37 were motivated by personal conflicts no motive could be established in 39 and 24 were motivated by support for the nazi regime 129 the gestapo always showed a special interest in denunciations concerning sexual matters especially cases concerning rassenschande with jews or between germans and foreigners in particular polish slave workers the gestapo applied even harsher methods to the foreign workers in the country especially those from poland 130 jews catholics and homosexuals 131 as time went by anonymous denunciations to the gestapo caused trouble to various nsdap officials who often found themselves being investigated by the gestapo 132 of the political cases 61 people were investigated for suspicion of belonging to the kpd 44 for the spd and 69 for other political parties 133 most of the political investigations took place between 1933 and 1935 with the all time high of 57 cases in 1935 133 after that year political investigations declined with only 18 investigations in 1938 13 in 1939 two in 1941 seven in 1942 four in 1943 and one in 1944 133 the other category associated with non conformity included everything from a man who drew a caricature of hitler to a catholic teacher suspected of being lukewarm about teaching national socialism in his classroom 133 the administrative control category concerned those who were breaking the law concerning residency in the city 133 the conventional criminality category concerned homosexuality and economic crimes such as money laundering and smuggling 134 while the total number of gestapo officials was limited when contrasted against the represented populations the average volksgenosse nazi term for the member of the german people was typically not under observation so the statistical ratio between gestapo officials and inhabitants is largely worthless and of little significance according to some recent scholars 135 as historian eric johnson remarked the nazi terror was selective terror with its focus upon political opponents ideological dissenters clergy and religious organisations career criminals the sinti and roma population handicapped persons homosexuals and above all upon the jews 4 selective terror by the gestapo as mentioned by johnson is also supported by historian richard evans who states that violence and intimidation rarely touched the lives of most ordinary germans denunciation was the exception not the rule as far as the behaviour of the vast majority of germans was concerned 136 the involvement of ordinary germans in denunciations also needs to be put into perspective so as not to exonerate the gestapo as evans makes clear it was not the ordinary german people who engaged in surveillance it was the gestapo nothing happened until the gestapo received a denunciation and it was the gestapo s active pursuit of deviance and dissent that was the only thing that gave denunciations meaning 137 the gestapo s effectiveness remained in the ability to project omnipotence they co opted the assistance of the german population by using denunciations to their advantage proving in the end a powerful ruthless and effective organ of terror under the nazi regime that was seemingly everywhere 138 lastly the gestapo s effectiveness while aided by denunciations and the watchful eye of ordinary germans was more the result of the co ordination and co operation amid the various police organs within germany the assistance of the ss and the support provided by the various nazi party organisations all of them together forming an organised persecution network 139 torture the gestapo employed torture as a routine method to extract confessions punish political enemies and enforce ideological conformity in nazi germany the official evidence for which was destroyed by the nazis with gestapo case files being rarely found 140 normal methods of investigation by the gestapo included various forms of blackmail threats and extortion to secure confessions 141 beyond that sleep deprivation and various forms of harassment were also used as investigative methods 141 the gestapo periodically was known for planting evidence to resolve a case especially if it concerned a jewish person 142 historical research based on surviving gestapo files has shown that torture was not limited to high profile cases but was frequently used at the local level especially in situations involving accusations of hiding jews listening to foreign radio broadcasts or engaging in communist activity 143 brutality on the part of interrogators often prompted by denunciations and followed with roundups enabled the gestapo to uncover numerous resistance networks and in many ways made them seem like they knew everything and could do anything they wanted 144 a simple denunciation could even lead to a person s death once in the gestapo s hands 145 in his study of gestapo files from bavaria historian robert gellately noted that many individuals were subjected to brutal treatment as part of routine investigative procedures 146 historian eric a johnson further corroborates this brutal treatment in cities like cologne where detainees were physically and mentally abused to obtain names of collaborators or co conspirators 147 once an individual was brought in by the gestapo richard evans asserted that one could expect in many cases brutal violence and torture and a course of interrogation that often ended in the courts the prisons and the camps 137 many detainees bypassed the courts entirely through a mechanism known as schutzhaft protective custody once a schutzhaftbefehl was signed by someone deemed an authority often a simple administrative form the detainee was shipped to a camp frequently following brutal interrogation in gestapo prisons this allowed the gestapo to imprison individuals indefinitely without trial and transfer them directly to concentration camps such as dachau buchenwald or ravensbrück 148 operations in nazi occupied territories as an instrument of nazi power terror and repression the gestapo operated throughout occupied europe 149 much like their affiliated organisations the ss and the sd the gestapo played a leading part in enslaving and deporting workers from occupied territory torturing and executing civilians singling out and murdering jews and subjecting allied prisoners of war to terrible treatment 150 to this end the gestapo was a vital component both in nazi repression and the holocaust 151 once the german armies advanced into enemy territory they were accompanied by einsatzgruppen staffed by officers from the gestapo and kripo who usually operated in the rear areas to administer and police the occupied land 152 whenever a region came fully under german military occupational jurisdiction the gestapo administered all executive actions under the military commander s authority albeit operating relatively independent of it 152 a former partisan and soviet officer named hersch gurewicz attested to the torture methods used by the gestapo he recalled a partisan was strapped to a table in a room and a german turned the lever and the table moved apart in sections like a rack the man screamed and his leg bones snapped through his skin the lever turned again and his arms ripped in jagged tears after the man fainted his torturers shot him dead 153 he also claimed that he had been strapped down and a wire slowly forced up his nose into his lung causing him to go unconscious later he was tied to a horse which was made to gallop full speed and recalled being smashed into the ground repeatedly before being knocked out by a solid object 154 occupation meant administration and policing a duty assigned to the ss the sd and the gestapo even before hostilities began as was the case for czechoslovakia 155 correspondingly gestapo offices were established in a territory once occupied 107 e some locals aided the gestapo whether as professional police auxiliaries or in other duties nonetheless operations performed either by german members of the gestapo or auxiliaries from willing collaborators of other nationalities were inconsistent in both disposition and effectiveness varying degrees of pacification and police enforcement measures were necessary in each place dependent on how cooperative or resistant the locals were to nazi mandates and racial policies 156 throughout the eastern territories the gestapo and other nazi organisations co opted the assistance of indigenous police units nearly all of whom were uniformed and able to carry out drastic actions 157 many of the auxiliary police personnel operating on behalf of german order police the sd and gestapo were members of the schutzmannschaft which included staffing by ukrainians belarusians russians estonians lithuanians and latvians 158 while in many countries the nazis occupied in the east the local domestic police forces supplemented german operations noted holocaust historian raul hilberg asserts that those of poland were least involved in anti jewish actions 157 nonetheless german authorities ordered the mobilisation of reserve polish police forces known as the blue police which strengthened the nazi police presence and carried out numerous police functions in some cases its functionaries even identified and rounded up jews or performed other unsavory duties on behalf of their german masters 159 in places like denmark there were some 550 uniformed danes in copenhagen working with the gestapo patrolling and terrorising the local population at the behest of their german overseers many of whom were arrested after the war 160 other danish civilians like in many places across europe acted as gestapo informants but this should not be seen as wholehearted support for the ...
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