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mmunity portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 local division 2 population 3 culture toggle culture subsection 3 1 baskets and basket making 3 2 subsistence 3 3 housing 3 4 social organization 3 5 religion 3 6 traditional narratives 3 7 languages 3 8 rock art 3 9 cuisine 4 tribes toggle tribes subsection 4 1 federally recognized 4 2 not federally recognized 5 notable maidu people 6 notes 7 references 8 further reading 9 external links toggle the table of contents maidu 16 languages العربية български català deutsch español français hausa hrvatski italiano қазақша lietuvių nederlands polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia native american people of northern california ethnic group maidu maidu coiled basket by mary kea a ala azbill circa 1900 total population 2 500 4 000 1 2 regions with significant populations united states california languages english maidu religion kusku cult christian syncretism 3 4 the maidu are a native american people of northern california they reside in the central sierra nevada in the watershed area of the feather and american rivers and in humbug valley in maiduan languages maidu means person map of maidu peoples local division edit the maidu people are geographically dispersed into many subgroups or bands who live among and identify with separate valleys foothills and mountains in northeastern central california 5 the three subcategories of maidu are the nisenan or southern maidu occupied the whole of the american bear and yuba river drainages they live in lands that were previously home to the martis 6 the northeastern or mountain maidu also known as yamani maidu lived on the upper north and middle forks of the feather river the konkow koyom kawi concow occupied a valley between present day cherokee and pulga along the north fork of the feather river and its tributaries the mechoopda live in the area of chico california population edit further information population of native california original title maidu headmen with treaty commissioners widely regarded as charlatans a o m wozencraft is center front around august 1 1851 at rancho arroyo chico estimates for the pre contact populations of most native groups in california have varied substantially alfred l kroeber estimated the 1770 population of the maidu including the konkow and nisenan as 9 000 10 sherburne f cook raised this figure slightly to 9 500 11 kroeber reported the population of the maidu in 1910 as 1 100 the 1930 census counted 93 following decimation by infectious diseases and social disruption as of 1995 the maidu population had recovered to an estimated 3 500 culture edit baskets and basket making edit maidu coiled basket ca 1915 by lizzie enos of the nisenan maidu on display at the maidu museum in roseville california the maidu women were skilled basketweavers weaving intricately detailed baskets in sizes ranging from thimbles to 10 or more feet in diameter occasionally a magnifying glass is needed to observe the strands in addition they made large storage baskets bowls shallow trays traps cradles hats and seed beaters weaving materials included dozens of different variants of wild plant stems barks roots and leaves most commonly used were fern roots red bark of the redbud white willow twigs and tule roots hazel twigs yucca leaves brown marsh grassroots and sedge roots combining these plants produced red black white brown or tan geometric designs 12 maidu elder marie potts explains the coiled and twining systems were both used and the products were sometimes handsomely decorated according to the inventiveness and skill of the weaver and the materials available such as feathers of brightly plumaged birds shells quills seeds or beads almost anything that could be attached 12 subsistence edit a mortar ground into the solid rock near a stream like many other california tribes the maidu were primarily hunters and gatherers and did not farm they practiced grooming of their gathering grounds with fire as a primary tool for this purpose they tended local groves of oak trees to maximize production of acorns which were their principal dietary staple after being processed and prepared according to maidu elder marie potts preparing acorns as the food was a long and tedious process that was undertaken by the women and children the acorns had to be shelled cleaned and then ground into meal this was done by pounding them with a pestle on a hard surface generally a hollowed out stone the tannic acid in the acorns was leached out by spreading the meal smoothly on a bed of pine needles laid over sand cedar or fir boughs were placed across the meal and warm water was poured all over a process that took several hours with the boughs distributing the water evenly and flavoring the meal 12 the maidu used the abundance of acorns to store large quantities for harder times above ground acorn granaries were created by the weavers besides acorns which provided dietary starch and fat the maidu supplemented their acorn diet with edible roots or tubers for which they were nicknamed digger indians by european immigrants and other plants and tubers the women and children also collected seeds from the many flowering plants and corms from wildflowers also were gathered and processed as part of their diet the men hunted deer elk antelope and smaller game within a spiritual system that respected the animals the men captured fish from the many streams and rivers as they were a prime source of protein salmon were collected when they came upstream to spawn other fish were available year round housing edit especially higher in the hills and the mountains the maidu built their dwellings partially underground to gain protection from the cold these houses were sizable circular structures 12 to 18 feet in diameter with floors dug as much as 3 feet below ground level once the floor of the house was dug a pole framework was built it was covered by pinebark slabs a sturdy layer of earth was placed along the base of the structure a central fire was prepared in the house at ground level it had a stone lined pit and bedrock mortar to hold heat for food preparation for summer dwelling a different structure was built from cut branches tied together and fastened to sapling posts then covered with brush and soil the summer shelters were built with the principal opening facing east to catch the rising sun and to avoid the heat of afternoon sun social organization edit maidu lived in small villages or bands with no centralized political organization leaders were typically selected from the pool of men who headed the local kuksu cult they did not exercise day to day authority but were primarily responsible for settling internal disputes and negotiating over matters arising between villages religion edit the primary religious tradition was known as the kuksu cult 13 this central california religious system was based on a male secret society it was characterized by the kuksu or big head dances maidu elder marie mason potts says that the maidu are traditionally a monotheistic people they greeted the sunrise with a prayer of thankfulness at noon they stopped for meditation and at sunset they communed with kadyapam and gave thanks for blessings throughout the day 12 a traditional spring celebration for the maidu was the bear dance when the maidu honored the bear coming out of hibernation the bear s hibernation and survival through the winter symbolized perseverance to the maidu who identified with the animal spiritually 12 the kuksu cult system was also followed by the pomo and the patwin among the wintun missionaries later forced the peoples to adopt christianity but they often retained elements of their traditional practices traditional narratives edit stories of k odojapem world maker and wepam trickster coyote are particularly prominent in maidu traditional narratives 14 15 languages edit main article maiduan languages the maidu spoke a language that some linguists believe was related to the penutian family while all maidu spoke a form of this language the grammar syntax and vocabulary differed sufficiently that maidu separated by large distances or by geographic features that discouraged travel might speak dialects that were nearly mutually unintelligible the four principal divisions of the language were northeastern maidu or yamonee maidu known simply as maidu southern maidu or nisenan northwestern maidu or konkow and valley maidu or chico rock art edit the maidu inhabited areas in the northeastern sierra nevada many examples of indigenous rock art and petroglyphs have been found here 16 scholars are uncertain about whether these date from previous indigenous communities or were created by the maidu people the maidu incorporated these works into their cultural system and believe that such artifacts are real living energies that are an integral part of their world cuisine edit because the maidu tribe lived in mountainous areas they relied heavily on animals such as deer for their food they also consumed various insects including grasshoppers and crickets the maidu made use of many local plants for nourishment eating roots stems leaves and seeds they collected acorns from several types of oak trees like the huckleberry oak and bush chinquapin which grow in the northeastern mountains additionally they gathered nuts from sugar pine and yellow pine trees which they ate either raw or cooked into soup the maidu crushed manzanita berries and mixed them with water to create a thick dough when water was added to this dough it took on the sweet flavor of the berries producing a drink known as manzanita cider they also brewed a tea from wild mint as another beverage 17 tribes edit federally recognized edit berry creek rancheria of maidu indians enterprise rancheria of maidu indians of california greenville rancheria of maidu indians of california mechoopda indian tribe of chico rancheria mooretown rancheria of maidu indians of california shingle springs band of miwok indians shingle springs rancheria verona tract susanville indian rancheria united auburn indian community of the auburn rancheria not federally recognized edit honey lake maidu tribe konkow valley band of maidu indians 18 nisenan of nevada city rancheria strawberry valley band of pakan yani maidu aka strawberry valley rancheria 19 tsi akim maidu tribe of taylorsville rancheria united maidu nation colfax todds valley consolidated tribe of the colfax rancheria 20 notable maidu people edit dalbert castro nisenan artist painter 21 wallace clark koyom kawi yepom traditional arts frank day konkow artist harry fonseca nisenan miwok artist painter janice gould konkow maidu artist judith lowry mountain maidu achomawi artist painter jacob a meders mechoopda konkow painter printmaker installation artist 22 marie mason potts mountain maidu journalist activist frank tuttle konkow maidu 23 artist ceremonialist notes edit the treaty the commissioners negotiated designated treaty g in the linked list 7 26 28 8 was not ratified by the u s senate and was placed under seal 9 but the lands in question were considered to be a cession to the u s federal government 8 references edit maidu ebsco research starters ebsco information services 2024 california indians and their reservations archived 2015 09 25 at the wayback machine sdsu library and information access lebeau michelle 2002 a healing process frontiers a journal of women studies 23 2 project muse 109 116 doi 10 1353 fro 2002 0033 kuksu cult encyclopædia britannica johnson michael g 2014 encyclopedia of native tribes of north america buffalo new york firefly books p 198 isbn 978 1 77085 461 1 robbins john 2000 12 14 action native american human remains and associated funerary objects thefederalregister com archived from the original on 2008 09 19 retrieved 2008 08 14 1851 1852 eighteen unratified treaties between california indians and the united states us government treaties and reports 2016 retrieved 13 july 2023 1 2 cession 291 ida treaties explorer the indigenous digital archive retrieved 13 july 2023 who we are indian affairs u s department of the interior retrieved 13 july 2023 kroeber 1925 883 cook 1976 179 1 2 3 4 5 potts marie 1977 the northern maidu happy camp california naturegraph publishers inc pp 34 35 isbn 0879610719 pritzker barry 1998 native americans southwest california northwest coast great basin plateau abc clio pp 176 177 isbn 978 0 87436 836 9 maidu indian legends native languages of the americas retrieved 30 dec 2011 shipley william the maidu indian myths and stories of hánc ibyjim 1991 w foreword by gary snyder quinlan angus r 2007 01 24 great basin rock art archaeological perspectives university of nevada press pp 38 43 isbn 978 0 87417 718 3 maidu konkow valley band of maidu indians strawberry valley rancheria colfaxrancheria com dalbert castro autry museum of the american west 2020 10 07 archived from the original on 2023 02 13 retrieved 2022 10 20 hinz krista march 18 2022 native communities at the heart of boardz and arrowz exhibit pinalcentral com retrieved 2022 10 20 frank tuttle autry museum of the american west 2020 10 07 archived from the original on 2023 02 13 retrieved 2022 10 20 further reading edit cook sherburne f 1976 the conflict between the california indian and white civilization university of california press berkeley kroeber a l 1925 handbook of the indians of california bureau of american ethnology bulletin no 78 washington d c heizer robert f 1966 languages territories and names of california indian tribes university of california press berkeley pritzker barry 2000 a native american encyclopedia history culture and peoples oxford university press new york external links edit nisenan maidu headmen with treaty commissioners july august 1851 archived 2015 05 26 at the wayback machine maidu indians and treaty commissioners original image at george eastman house wikimedia commons has media related to maidu v t e indigenous peoples of california achomawi acjachemen ahwahnechee atsugewi bay miwok saklan cahuilla chemehuevi chimariko chumash coast miwok cupeño eel river athapaskans lassik nongatl sinkyone wailaki esselen halchidhoma hupa chilula whilkut karuk cahto kawaiisu kitanemuk kizh kumeyaay diegueño ipai tipai lake miwok luiseño maidu mattole bear river mechoopda modoc klamath mohave mono monache owens valley paiute nisenan nomlaki northern paiute kucadikadi ohlone cos...
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