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tion subsection 2 1 ipa transcription 2 2 other conventions 3 occurrence 4 see also 5 notes 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents retroflex consonant 49 languages alemannisch العربية asturianu boarisch български বাংলা བོད ཡིག brezhoneg català čeština cymraeg deutsch esperanto español فارسی suomi français gaelg עברית हिन्दी hornjoserbsce interlingua bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 limburgs lietuvių latviešu македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski português română русский simple english svenska ไทย tagalog toki pona türkçe українська اردو vèneto 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia type of consonant articulation retroflexion redirects here not to be confused with retroflection this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources retroflex consonant news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2020 learn how and when to remove this message retroflex ̢ ̣ subapical retroflex plosive a retroflex ˈ r ɛ t r ə f l ɛ k s r oʊ ⓘ consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat concave or even curled shape and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate they are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants especially in indology other terms are domal and cacuminal k ə ˈ k j uː m ɪ n ə l ⓘ though in rare cases either word can mean palatal consonants more broadly the latin derived word retroflex means bent back some retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue fully curled back so that articulation involves the underside of the tongue tip subapical these sounds are sometimes described as true retroflex consonants however retroflexes are commonly taken to include other consonants having a similar place of articulation without such extreme curling of the tongue these may be articulated with the tongue tip apical or the tongue blade laminal when apical they have been called apico domal or apico palatal consonants types edit retroflex consonants like other coronal consonants come in several varieties depending on the shape of the tongue the tongue may be either flat or concave or even with the tip curled back the point of contact on the tongue may be with the tip apical with the blade laminal or with the underside of the tongue subapical the point of contact on the roof of the mouth may be with the alveolar ridge alveolar the area behind the alveolar ridge postalveolar or the hard palate palatal finally both sibilant fricative or affricate and nonsibilant stop nasal lateral rhotic consonants can have a retroflex articulation the greatest variety of combinations occurs with sibilants as small changes in tongue shape and position cause significant changes in the resulting sound retroflex sounds generally have a duller lower pitched sound than other alveolar or postalveolar consonants with subapical palatals the most extreme and lowest pitched the main combinations normally observed are laminal post alveolar with a flat tongue these occur for example in polish cz sz ż rz dż apical post alveolar with a somewhat concave tongue these occur for example in mandarin zh ch sh r hindi and most other indo aryan languages and most australian languages 1 2 subapical palatal with a highly concave tongue which occur particularly in the dravidian languages and some indo aryan languages they are the dullest and lowest pitched type and after a vowel often add strong r coloring to the vowel and sound as if an american english r occurred between the vowel and consonant they are not a place of articulation as the ipa chart implies but a shape of the tongue analogous to laminal and apical 3 subapical sounds are sometimes called true retroflex because of the curled back shape of the tongue and the other sounds sometimes go by other names for example peter ladefoged and ian maddieson 4 prefer to call the laminal post alveolar sounds flat post alveolar other sounds edit retroflex sounds must be distinguished from other consonants made in the same parts of the mouth the palato alveolar consonants e g ʃ ʒ such as the sh ch and zh in english words like ship chip and vision the alveolo palatal consonants e g ɕ ʑ such as the j q and x in mandarin chinese the dorsal palatal consonants e g ç ʝ ɲ such as the ch ç in german ich or the ñ ɲ in spanish año the grooved alveolar consonants e g s z such as the s and z in english words like sip and zip the first three types of sounds above have a convex tongue shape which gives them an additional secondary articulation of palatalization the last type has a groove running down the center line of the tongue which gives it a strong hissing quality retroflex sounds have a flat or concave shape with no associated palatalization and no groove running down the tongue the term retroflex literally means bent back concave although consonants with a flat tongue shape are also commonly considered retroflex the velar bunched approximant found in northern varieties of dutch and some varieties of american english is acoustically similar to the retroflex approximant it is articulated with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum transcription edit ipa transcription edit in the international phonetic alphabet the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants but with the addition of a right facing hook to the bottom of the symbol retroflex consonants are transcribed in the international phonetic alphabet as follows ipa description example language orthography ipa meaning ɳ̊ voiceless retroflex nasal iaai 5 hnr athu ɳ̊ aθu cold ɳ voiced retroflex nasal punjabi ਗਾ ਣਾ گا ݨ ا ˈgaː ɳ aˑ song telugu ప ణ ము pa ɳ amu stake bet swedish väne rn ˈvæːnɛ ɳ vänern ʈ voiceless retroflex plosive hindi urdu टां ग ٹ انگ ʈ aːŋg leg telugu టె క్కెము ʈ ekːkemu banner pennant ɖ voiced retroflex plosive somali ban dh ig banː ɖ ig presentation hindi urdu ड ब्बा ڈ با ɖ əbːaː box telugu డ గ్గర ɖ agːgara phantom apparition ʈ͡ʂ voiceless retroflex affricate torwali ڇ ووو ʈ͡ʂuwu to sew ɖ͡ʐ voiced retroflex affricate yi ꎐ rr y ɖ͡ʐɪ tooth ʂ voiceless retroflex fricative mandarin 上海 sh ànghǎi ʂ ɑ̂ŋ xàɪ shanghai sanskrit भा षा bʱɑ́ː ʂ ɑː language telugu మి ష mi ʂ a pretext ʐ voiced retroflex fricative russian ж аба ˈ ʐ abə toad polish ż aba ˈ ʐ aba frog ɻ̊ voiceless retroflex non sibilant fricative ormuri 6 example needed ɻ voiced retroflex non sibilant fricative english eastern cape 7 r ed ɻ ed red ɻ voiced retroflex approximant tamil தமி ழ் t̪ɐmɨ ɻ tamil ɭ voiced retroflex lateral approximant tamil ஆ ள் ɑː ɭ person telugu నె ళ వు ne ɭ awu familiarity acquaintance swedish ka rl stad ˈkʰɑː ɭ sta karlstad ɽ̊ voiceless retroflex flap dhivehi a koshani ko ɽ̊͜r̊ ani cutting ɽ voiced retroflex flap hausa shaa r a ʃáː ɽ a sweeping hindi urdu कीच ड़ کیچ ڑ पहा ड़ پہا ڑ kiːt͡ʃə ɽ pəˈɦaː ɽ mud mountain ɽ͡r̥ voiceless retroflex trill dhivehi a 8 goshani ɡo ɽ̊ ani good ɽ͡r voiced retroflex trill wintu 9 boloy noṛ toṛoṛ boloj noɽr toɽoɽr ridge on a trail from hayfork to hyampom ̊ voiceless retroflex lateral flap wahgi example needed voiced retroflex lateral flap pashto ړ وند und blind marathi बा ळ ˈbɑː baby ꞎ voiceless retroflex lateral fricative toda pü ł̣ pʏːꞎ summer voiced retroflex lateral fricative ao 10 example needed ʈ͡ꞎ voiceless retroflex lateral affricate bhadarwahi ट्ळा ʈ͡ꞎaː three ɖ͡ voiced retroflex lateral affricate bhadarwahi है ड्ळ haiɖ͡ turmeric ʈʼ retroflex ejective stop yokuts ṭʼa yʼ ʈʼaːjˀ down feather ʈ͡ʂʼ retroflex ejective affricate gwichʼin etrʼuu ɛʈ͡ʂʼu arctic tern ᶑ̥ voiceless retroflex implosive ngiti example needed ᶑ voiced retroflex implosive ngadha modhe ˈmoᶑe good k͡ q͡ ɡ͡ ɢ͡ ŋ͡ ɴ͡ retroflex clicks central kung ɡ ú ᶢ ú water other conventions edit some linguists restrict these symbols for consonants with subapical palatal articulation in which the tongue is curled back and contacts the hard palate and use the alveolar symbols with the obsolete ipa underdot symbol for an apical post alveolar articulation ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ ẓ ḷ ɾ̣ ɹ̣ and use ᶘ ᶚ for laminal retroflex as in polish and russian 11 the latter are also often transcribed with a retraction diacritic as s̠ otherwise they are typically but inaccurately transcribed as if they were palato alveolar as ʃ consonants with more forward articulation in which the tongue touches the alveolar or postalveolar region rather than the hard palate can be indicated with the retracted diacritic minus sign below this occurs especially for s̠ ẕ other sounds indicated this way such as ṉ ḻ ḏ tend to refer to alveolo palatal rather than retroflex consonants occurrence edit although data are not precise about 20 percent of the world s languages contain retroflex consonants of one sort or another 12 about half of these possess only retroflex continuants with most of the rest having both stops and continuants retroflex consonants are concentrated in the indian subcontinent particularly in the indo aryan and dravidian languages but are found in other languages of the region as well such as the austroasiatic munda languages isolates burushaski nihali vedda languages of the andaman and nicobars like akajeru jarawa car nicobarese and sino tibetan dzongkha the nuristani languages of eastern afghanistan also have retroflex consonants among eastern iranian languages they are common in pashto wakhi sanglechi ishkashimi and munji yidgha they also occur in some other asian languages such as sino tibetan mandarin chinese and nuosu austronesian javanese and rukai uralic khanty languages austroasiatic vietnamese mongolic dongxiang hmong mien hmong korean and japonic miyakoan have an allophonic retroflex lateral kagoshima japanese has a ɽ in west asia the shihhi arabic variety also has a retroflex rhotic the other major concentration is in the indigenous languages of australia and the western pacific notably new caledonia here most languages have retroflex plosives nasals and approximants retroflex consonants are relatively rare in the european languages but occur in such languages as swedish norwegian and faroese in northern europe some romance languages of southern europe sardinian sicilian including calabrian and salentino venetian some italian dialects such as lunigianese in italy and some asturian dialects in spain and sibilants only several slavic languages polish russian serbo croatian slovak and sorbian in swedish and norwegian a sequence of r and a coronal consonant may be replaced by the coronal s retroflex equivalent the name martin is pronounced ˈmǎʈːɪn swedish or ˈmɑ̀ʈːɪn norwegian and nord north is pronounced ˈnuːɖ ⓘ in standard swedish and ˈnuːɽ in many varieties of norwegian that is sometimes done for several consonants in a row after an r hornstull is pronounced huːɳʂˈʈɵlː the retroflex approximant ɻ is present in some dialects of brazilian portuguese and is in free variation with the postalveolar approximant ɹ in many dialects of american english particularly in the midwestern united states polish and russian possess retroflex sibilants but no stops or liquids at this place of articulation retroflex consonants are largely absent from indigenous languages of the americas with the exception of the extreme south of south america an area in the southwestern united states as in hopi and o odham and in alaska and the yukon territory as in the athabaskan languages gwich in and hän in african languages retroflex consonants are also rare but reportedly occur in a few nilo saharan languages as well as in the bantu language makhuwa and some other varieties in southwest ethiopia phonemically distinctive retroflex consonants are found in bench and sheko two contiguous but not closely related omotic languages 13 there are several retroflex consonants that are implied by the international phonetic association in their handbook they give the example of ᶑ a retroflex implosive but when they requested an expansion of coverage of the international phonetic alphabet by unicode in 2020 they supported the addition superscript variants of not just ᶑ but of the retroflex lateral fricatives ꞎ and of the retroflex lateral flap and of the retroflex click release see latin extended f the lateral fricatives are explicitly provided for by extipa most of these sounds are not common but they all occur for example the iwaidja language of northern australia has a retroflex lateral flap ɺ̢ as well as a retroflex tap ɽ and retroflex lateral approximant ɭ and the dravidian language toda has a subapical retroflex lateral fricative ꞎ ɭ̊ and a retroflexed trill ɽr the ngad a language of flores has been reported to have a retroflex implosive ᶑ subapical retroflex clicks occur in central kung 14 and possibly in damin citation needed most languages with retroflex sounds typically have only one retroflex sound with a given manner of articulation citation needed an exception however is the toda language with a two way distinction among retroflex sibilants between apical post alveolar and subapical palatal see also edit hush consonant list of phonetics topics place of articulation retroflex approximant notes edit 1 2 some dialects maybe a fricative flap or a trill references edit lee wai sum 1999 an articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable initial sibilants and approximant in beijing mandarin icphs 14 pp 413 416 s2cid 51828449 东方语言学 第十五辑 in chinese 上海教育出版社 2015 pp 1 16 isbn 978 7 5444 6780 3 retrieved 2023 07 24 hardcastle william j laver john gibbon fiona e 2010 02 22 phonetic notation the handbook of phonetic sciences john wiley sons p 693 isbn 978 1 4051 4590 9 lccn 2009033872 oclc 430736646 ol 24461752m ladefoged peter maddieson ian 1996 the sounds of the world s languages oxford blackwell isbn 0 631 19815 6 ucla working papers in phonetics vol 53 55 p 212 novák ľubomír 2013 other eastern iranian languages problem of archaism and innovation in the eastern iranian languages phd prague charles university p 59 archived from the original on 2022 08 14 retrieved 2023 09 23 ladefoged maddieson 1996 165 maumoon yumna 2002 a general overview of the dhivehi language pdf male national centre for linguistic and historical research p 35 isbn 99915 1 032 x pitkin harvey 1984 wintu grammar university of california publications in linguistics vol 94 berkeley university of california press p 34 isbn 0 520 09612 6 gurubasave gowda k s 1972 ao naga phonetic reader thesis mysore central institute of indian languages laver john 1994 principles of phonetics cambridge university press isbn 0 521 45031 4 ol 22577661m ian maddieson with a chapter ...
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