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blu ray flash memory memory card usb flash drive computer case central processing unit microprocessor motherboard memory ram bios data storage hdd ssd sata nvme sshd power supply smps mosfet power mosfet vrm network interface controller fax modem expansion card ports current ethernet usb thunderbolt analog audio jack displayport hdmi obsolete firewire ieee 1394 parallel port serial port ps 2 port esata dvi vga v t e digital electronics components transistor resistor inductor capacitor printed electronics printed circuit board electronic circuit flip flop memory cell combinational logic sequential logic logic gate boolean circuit integrated circuit ic hybrid integrated circuit hic mixed signal integrated circuit three dimensional integrated circuit 3d ic emitter coupled logic ecl erasable programmable logic device epld macrocell array programmable logic array pla programmable logic device pld programmable array logic pal generic array logic gal complex programmable logic device cpld field programmable gate array fpga field programmable object array fpoa application specific integrated circuit asic tensor processing unit tpu theory digital signal boolean algebra logic synthesis logic in computer science computer architecture digital signal digital signal processing circuit minimization switching circuit theory gate equivalent design logic synthesis place and route placement routing register transfer level hardware description language high level synthesis formal equivalence checking synchronous logic asynchronous logic finite state machine hierarchical state machine applications computer hardware hardware acceleration digital audio radio digital photography digital telephone digital video cinematography television electronic literature design issues metastability runt pulse v t e electronics branches analog electronics digital electronics electronic instrumentation electronics engineering microelectronics optoelectronics power electronics printed electronics 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