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general terms for a more detailed and technical article see file system this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources computer file news newspapers books scholar jstor june 2009 learn how and when to remove this template message a computer file is a computer resource for recording data in a computer storage device primarily identified by its file name just as words can be written to paper so can data be written to a computer file files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media networks or the internet different types of computer files are designed for different purposes a file may be designed to store an image a written message a video a computer program or any wide variety of other kinds of data certain files can store multiple data types at once by using computer programs a person can open read change save and close a computer file computer files may be reopened modified and copied an arbitrary number of times files are typically organized in a file system which tracks file locations on the disk and enables user access contents 1 etymology 2 file contents 2 1 file size 2 2 organization of data in a file 2 3 operations 2 3 1 moving methods 3 identifying and organizing 4 protection 5 storage 6 file corruption 7 backup 8 file systems and file managers 9 see also 10 references 11 external links etymology edit a punched card file the twin disk files of an ibm 305 system the word file derives from the latin filum a thread 1 file was used in the context of computer storage as early as january 1940 in punched card methods in scientific computation 2 w j eckert stated the first extensive use of the early hollerith tabulator in astronomy was made by comrie 3 he used it for building a table from successive differences and for adding large numbers of harmonic terms tables of functions are constructed from their differences with great efficiency either as printed tables or as a file of punched cards in february 1950 in a radio corporation of america rca advertisement in popular science magazine 4 describing a new memory vacuum tube it had developed rca stated the results of countless computations can be kept on file and taken out again such a file now exists in a memory tube developed at rca laboratories electronically it retains figures fed into calculating machines holds them in storage while it memorizes new ones speeds intelligent solutions through mazes of mathematics in 1952 file denoted among other things information stored on punched cards 5 in early use the underlying hardware rather than the contents stored on it was denominated a file for example the ibm 350 disk drives were denominated disk files 6 the introduction circa 1961 by the burroughs mcp and the mit compatible time sharing system of the concept of a file system that managed several virtual files on one storage device is the origin of the contemporary denotation of the word although the contemporary register file demonstrates the early concept of files its use has greatly decreased file contents edit on most modern operating systems files are organized into one dimensional arrays of bytes the format of a file is defined by its content since a file is solely a container for data on some platforms the format is indicated by its filename extension specifying the rules for how the bytes must be organized and interpreted meaningfully for example the bytes of a plain text file txt in windows are associated with either ascii or utf 8 characters while the bytes of image video and audio files are interpreted otherwise most file types also allocate a few bytes for metadata which allows a file to carry some basic information about itself some file systems can store arbitrary not interpreted by the file system file specific data outside of the file format but linked to the file for example extended attributes or forks on other file systems this can be done via sidecar files or software specific databases all those methods however are more susceptible to loss of metadata than container and archive file formats file size edit this section may contain misleading parts please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page march 2019 main article file size at any instant in time a file has a specific size normally expressed as a number of bytes that indicates how much storage is occupied by the file in most modern operating systems the size can be any non negative whole number of bytes up to a system limit many older operating systems kept track only of the number of blocks or tracks occupied by a file on a physical storage device in such systems software employed other methods to track the exact byte count e g cp m used a special control character ctrl z to signal the end of text files the general definition of a file does not require that its size have any real meaning however unless the data within the file happens to correspond to data within a pool of persistent storage a special case is a zero byte file these files can be newly created files that have not yet had any data written to them or may serve as some kind of flag in the file system or are accidents the results of aborted disk operations for example the file to which the link bin ls points in a typical unix like system probably has a defined size that seldom changes compare this with dev null which is also a file but as a character special file its size is not meaningful organization of data in a file edit information in a computer file can consist of smaller packets of information often called records or lines that are individually different but share some common traits for example a payroll file might contain information concerning all the employees in a company and their payroll details each record in the payroll file concerns just one employee and all the records have the common trait of being related to payroll this is very similar to placing all payroll information into a specific filing cabinet in an office that does not have a computer a text file may contain lines of text corresponding to printed lines on a piece of paper alternatively a file may contain an arbitrary binary image a blob or it may contain an executable the way information is grouped into a file is entirely up to how it is designed this has led to a plethora of more or less standardized file structures for all imaginable purposes from the simplest to the most complex most computer files are used by computer programs which create modify or delete the files for their own use on an as needed basis the programmers who create the programs decide what files are needed how they are to be used and often their names in some cases computer programs manipulate files that are made visible to the computer user for example in a word processing program the user manipulates document files that the user personally names although the content of the document file is arranged in a format that the word processing program understands the user is able to choose the name and location of the file and provide the bulk of the information such as words and text that will be stored in the file many applications pack all their data files into a single file called an archive file using internal markers to discern the different types of information contained within the benefits of the archive file are to lower the number of files for easier transfer to reduce storage usage or just to organize outdated files the archive file must often be unpacked before next using operations edit the most basic operations that programs can perform on a file are create a new file change the access permissions and attributes of a file open a file which makes the file contents available to the program read data from a file write data to a file delete a file close a file terminating the association between it and the program truncate a file shortening it to a specified size within the file system without rewriting any content files on a computer can be created moved modified grown shrunk truncated and deleted in most cases computer programs that are executed on the computer handle these operations but the user of a computer can also manipulate files if necessary for instance microsoft word files are normally created and modified by the microsoft word program in response to user commands but the user can also move rename or delete these files directly by using a file manager program such as windows explorer on windows computers or by command lines cli in unix like systems user space programs do not operate directly at a low level on a file only the kernel deals with files and it handles all user space interaction with files in a manner that is transparent to the user space programs the operating system provides a level of abstraction which means that interaction with a file from user space is simply through its filename instead of its inode for example rm filename will not delete the file itself but only a link to the file there can be many links to a file but when they are all removed the kernel considers that file s memory space free to be reallocated this free space is commonly considered a security risk due to the existence of file recovery software any secure deletion program uses kernel space system functions to wipe the file s data file moves within a file system complete almost immediately because the data content does not need to be rewritten only the paths need to be changed moving methods edit there are two distinct implementations of file moves when moving files between devices or partitions some file managing software deletes each selected file from the source directory individually after being transferred while other software deletes all files at once only after every file has been transferred with the mv command for instance the former method is used when selecting files individually possibly with the use of wildcards example mv n sourcepath targetpath while the latter method is used when selecting entire directories example mv n sourcepath targetpath microsoft windows explorer uses the former method for mass storage filemoves but the latter method using media transfer protocol as described in media transfer protocol file move behaviour the former method individual deletion from source has the benefit that space is released from the source device or partition imminently after the transfer has begun meaning after the first file is finished with the latter method space is only freed after the transfer of the entire selection has finished if an incomplete file transfer with the latter method is aborted unexpectedly perhaps due to an unexpected power off system halt or disconnection of a device no space will have been freed up on the source device or partition the user would need to merge the remaining files from the source including the incompletely written truncated last file with the individual deletion method the file moving software also does not need to cumulatively keep track of all files finished transferring for the case that a user manually aborts the file transfer a file manager using the latter afterwards deletion method will have to only delete the files from the source directory that have already finished transferring identifying and organizing edit files and folders arranged in a hierarchy in modern computer systems files are typically accessed using names filenames in some operating systems the name is associated with the file itself in others the file is anonymous and is pointed to by links that have names in the latter case a user can identify the name of the link with the file itself but this is a false analogue especially where there exists more than one link to the same file files or links to files can be located in directories however more generally a directory can contain either a list of files or a list of links to files within this definition it is of paramount importance that the term file includes directories this permits the existence of directory hierarchies i e directories containing sub directories a name that refers to a file within a directory must be typically unique in other words there must be no identical names within a directory however in some operating systems a name may include a specification of type that means a directory can contain an identical name for more than one type of object such as a directory and a file in environments in which a file is named a file s name and the path to the file s directory must uniquely identify it among all other files in the computer system no two files can have the same name and path where a file is anonymous named references to it will exist within a namespace in most cases any name within the namespace will refer to exactly zero or one file however any file may be represented within any namespace by zero one or more names any string of characters may be a well formed name for a file or a link depending upon the context of application whether or not a name is well formed depends on the type of computer system being used early computers permitted only a few letters or digits in the name of a file but modern computers allow long names some up to 255 characters containing almost any combination of unicode letters or unicode digits making it easier to understand the purpose of a file at a glance some computer systems allow file names to contain spaces others do not case sensitivity of file names is determined by the file system unix file systems are usually case sensitive and allow user level applications to create files whose names differ only in the case of characters microsoft windows supports multiple file systems each with different policies which regarding case sensitivity the common fat file system can have multiple files whose names differ only in case if the user uses a disk editor to edit the file names in the directory entries user applications however will usually not allow the user to create multiple files with the same name but differing in case most computers organize files into hierarchies using folders directories or catalogs the concept is the same irrespective of the terminology used each folder can contain an arbitrary number of files and it can also contain other folders these other folders are referred to as subfolders subfolders can contain still more files and folders and so on thus building a tree like structure in which one master folder or root folder the name varies from one operating system to another can contain any number of levels of other folders and files folders can be named just as files can except for the root folder which often does not have a name the use of folders makes it easier to organize files in a logical way when a computer allows the use of folders each file and folder has not only a name of its own but also a path which identif...
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