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war the study looked only at six american news networks after 20 march for three weeks the study stated that viewers were more than six times as likely to see a pro war source as one who was anti war with u s guests alone the ratio increases to 25 to 1 293 a september 2003 poll revealed that 70 of americans believed saddam was involved in 9 11 294 80 of fox news viewers were found to hold at least one such belief about the invasion compared to 23 of pbs viewers 295 ted turner founder of cnn charged that rupert murdoch was using fox news to advocate an invasion 296 critics argued that this statistic is indicative of misleading coverage by the u s media since viewers in other countries were less likely to have these beliefs 297 a post 2008 election poll by factcheck org found that 48 of americans believed saddam played a role in 9 11 the group concluded that voters once deceived tend to stay that way despite all evidence 298 independent media coverage edit independent media also played a prominent role in covering the invasion the indymedia network among many other independent networks including many journalists from the invading countries provided reports on the iraq war in the u s the radio program democracy now was critical of the invasion and crimes committed by the u s in iraq the israeli military censor have released gag orders to fresh and rotter news platforms preventing them releasing any information about events and action related to the invasion 299 on the other side among media not opposing to the invasion the economist reported that the normal diplomatic tools sanctions persuasion pressure un resolutions have all been tried during 12 deadly but failed years then giving a mild conditional support to the war stating that if saddam refuses to disarm it would be right to go to war 300 australian war artist george gittoes collected independent interviews with soldiers while producing his documentary soundtrack to war the iraq war provided the first time in history that military on the front lines were able to provide direct uncensored reportage themselves thanks to blogging software and the reach of the internet dozens of such reporting sites known as soldier blogs or milblogs were started during the war these blogs were more often than not largely pro war and stated various reasons why the soldiers and marines felt they were doing the right thing 301 international media coverage edit international coverage of the war differed from coverage in the u s in a number of ways arab language news channel al jazeera and the german satellite channel deutsche welle featured almost twice as much information on the political background of the war 302 al jazeera also showed scenes of civilian casualties and insurgent attacks rarely seen in the u s media criticism edit main article criticism of the iraq war anti war protest in london 2002 opponents of the invasion criticized it by referring the human cost of war by arguing that the war was illegal that little evidence could justify it that iraq could still be negotiated with or that the u s had more pressing security priorities i e afghanistan and north korea and by predicting that it would destabilize the middle east 303 rationale based on faulty evidence edit the central u s justification for launching the war was that saddam s alleged development of nuclear and biological weapons and purported ties to al qaeda made his regime a grave and growing 304 threat to the u s and international community 305 during the lead up to the war and the aftermath of the invasion critics cast doubt on the evidence supporting this rationale concerning iraq s weapons programs prominent critics included scott ritter a former un weapons inspector who argued in 2002 that inspections had eliminated the nuclear and chemical weapons programs and that evidence of their reconstitution would have been eminently detectable by intelligence services although it is popularly believed citation needed that saddam had forced the iaea weapons inspectors to leave iraq they were withdrawn at the request of the u s before operation desert fox after the build up of u s troops in neighboring states saddam welcomed them back and promised complete cooperation with their demands experienced iaea inspection teams were already back in iraq and had made some interim reports on its search for various forms of wmd 306 307 308 309 310 american diplomat joseph c wilson investigated the contention that iraq had sought uranium for nuclear weapons in niger and reported that the contention had no substance 311 312 similarly alleged links between iraq and al qaeda were called into question during the lead up to the war and were discredited by a 2004 report from u s senator carl levin which was later corroborated by a 2006 report from the defense department s inspector general 313 these reports further alleged that bush administration officials particularly former undersecretary of defense douglas j feith manipulated evidence to support links between al qaeda and iraq 314 during his 2003 2004 interrogation saddam asserted that the majority of iraq s wmd stockpiles had been destroyed in the 1990s by un inspectors and the remainder were destroyed unilaterally by iraq the illusion of maintaining a wmd program and wmds was maintained as a deterrent against possible iranian invasion 315 an fbi agent who interrogated saddam at this time stated in 2008 that while iraq may not have possessed wmds after the 1990s saddam likely intended to restart the wmd program if given the opportunity to do so 315 lack of a united nations mandate edit one of the main questions in the lead up to the war was whether the unsc would authorize military intervention in iraq it became increasingly clear that this authorization would require significant further weapons inspections many criticized their effort as unwise immoral and illegal robin cook then leader of the uk house of commons and a former foreign secretary resigned from blair s cabinet in protest over the uk s decision to invade without un authorization cook said at the time that in principle i believe it is wrong to embark on military action without broad international support in practice i believe it is against britain s interests to create a precedent for unilateral military action 316 in addition senior government legal advisor elizabeth wilmshurst resigned stating her legal opinion that an invasion would be illegal citation needed un secretary general kofi annan said in september 2004 f rom our point of view and from the charter point of view the war was illegal 317 this drew immediate criticism from the u s and was immediately played down 318 his annual report to the general assembly for 2003 included no more than the statement following the end of major hostilities which resulted in the occupation of iraq 319 a similar report from the unsc was similarly terse in its reference to the event following the cessation of hostilities in iraq in april 2003 we have passed nearly 60 resolutions on iraq and kuwait since iraq s invasion of kuwait in 1990 the most relevant to this issue is resolution 678 320 military intervention vs diplomatic solution edit english wikisource has original text related to this article french address on iraq at the un security council criticisms about the evidence used to justify the war notwithstanding many opponents of military intervention objected saying that a diplomatic solution would be preferable and that war should be reserved as a truly last resort this position was exemplified by french foreign minister dominique de villepin who responded to powell s unsc presentation by saying that given the choice between military intervention and an inspections regime that is inadequate because of a failure to cooperate on iraq s part we must choose the decisive reinforcement of the means of inspections 321 in response to rumsfeld s reference to european countries that did not support the invasion of iraq as old europe 322 dominique de villepin replied this message comes to you today from an old country france from a continent like mine europe that has known wars occupation and barbarity faithful to its values it wishes resolutely to act with all the members of the international community it believes in our ability to build together a better world 323 the direct opposition between diplomatic solution and military intervention involving france and the u s which was personified by chirac versus bush and later powell versus de villepin became a milestone in the u s france relations anti french propaganda exploiting francophobic clichés immediately ensued in the u s and uk a call for a boycott on french wine was launched in the u s the new york post claimed that france had forgotten the american sacrifice in 1944 france on 20 february 2003 british newspaper the sun published a special issue entitled chirac is a worm which said that chirac has become the shame of europe 324 the guardian wrote that both papers expressed the opinion of their owner rupert murdoch 324 325 distraction from the war on terrorism and other priorities edit both supporters and opponents of the iraq war widely viewed it within the context of a post 9 11 world where the u s has sought to make terrorism the defining international security paradigm bush often described the war as a central front in the war on terror 326 some critics of the war particularly within the u s military community argued pointedly against the conflation of iraq and the war on terror and criticized bush for losing focus on the more important objective of fighting al qaeda as marine lieutenant general greg newbold the pentagon s former top operations officer wrote in a 2006 i now regret that i did not more openly challenge those who were determined to invade a country whose actions were peripheral to the real threat al qaeda 327 critics within this vein have further argued that containment would have been an effective strategy for the saddam government and that the top u s priorities in the middle east should be encouraging a solution to the israeli palestinian conflict working for the moderation of iran and solidifying gains made in afghanistan and central asia in an october 2002 speech retired marine gen anthony zinni former head of central command for u s forces in the middle east and state department s envoy to the israeli palestinian conflict called iraq maybe six or seven in terms of u s middle east priorities adding that the affordability line may be drawn around five 328 however while commander of centcom zinni held a very different opinion concerning the threat posed by iraq in testimony before the senate armed services committee in february 2000 zinni said iraq remains the most significant near term threat to u s interests in the persian gulf region this is primarily due to its large conventional military force pursuit of wmd oppressive treatment of iraqi citizens refusal to comply with unsc resolutions persistent threats to enforcement of the no fly zones nfz and continued efforts to violate un security council sanctions through oil smuggling 329 zinni specifically referred to the persian gulf region in his senate testimony which is a significantly smaller region of the world than the middle east which he referred to in 2007 potential to destabilize the region edit besides arguing that iraq was not the top strategic priority in the war on terrorism or in the middle east critics of the war also suggested that it could potentially destabilize the surrounding region prominent among such critics was brent scowcroft who served as national security advisor to george h w bush in a 15 august 2002 the wall street journal editorial entitled don t attack saddam scowcroft wrote that possibly the most dire consequences would be the effect in the region there would be an explosion of outrage against us the results could well destabilize arab regimes and could even swell the ranks of the terrorists 330 in 2015 blair apologized for his mistakes over iraq war and admitted there were elements of truth to the view that the invasion helped promote the rise of isis 331 in the opinion of hayder al khoei iraq was already destined for chaos before 2003 332 public opinion edit in a march 2003 gallup poll the day after the invasion 76 of americans supported the military action against iraq 333 in a march yougov poll 54 of britons had approved of military action against iraq 334 by 2007 opposition to the iraq war had increased to 62 among americans in a usa today gallup poll 335 in 2013 a gallup poll found that 53 percent of americans surveyed believed the iraq war was a mistake 336 in 2023 an axios ipsos poll found that 61 of americans believed the u s made a wrong decision by invading iraq 337 related phrases edit poland was part of the coalition of the willing this campaign featured a variety of new terminology much of it initially coined by the u s government or military the military official name for the invasion was operation iraqi freedom also notable was the usage death squads to refer to fedayeen paramilitary forces iraqi officials were given derogatory nicknames e g chemical ali ali hassan al majid baghdad bob or comical ali muhammed saeed al sahaf and mrs anthrax or chemical sally huda salih mahdi ammash terminology introduced or popularized during the war include axis of evil originally used by bush in his 2002 state of the union speech on 29 january 2002 to refer to the countries of iran iraq and north korea 338 coalition of the willing a term that originated in the clinton era and used by the bush administration for the countries contributing troops in the invasion of which the u s and uk were the primary members decapitating the regime a euphemism for killing saddam hussein embedding the american practice of assigning civilian journalists to u s military units freedom fries a euphemism for french fries invented to protest the non participation of france mother of all bombs a bomb developed and produced to support operation iraqi freedom its name echoed saddam s phrase mother of all battles to describe the gulf war 339 old europe rumsfeld s term for european governments not supporting the war you re thinking of europe as germany and france i don t i think that s old europe regime change a euphemism for overthrowing a government shock and awe the strategy of reducing an enemy s will to fight through displays of overwhelming force many slogans and terms coined came to be used by bush s political opponents or those opposed to the war for example in april 2003 john kerry said at a campaign rally what we need now is not just a regime change in saddam hussein and iraq but we need a regime change in the united states 340 bush s press secretary ari fleischer talked about operation iraqi liberation in a 2003 press briefing 341 and operation iraqi liberation oil was also used by david rovics a popular folk protest singer see also edit 2000s por...
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