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ally charged and upheld both the bill and the withholding of funding from schools 73 an appeal was filed in october 2010 71 the initial appeal was challenging house bill 2281 72 for violation of first amendment for viewpoint discrimination and fourteenth amendment for void for vagueness rights 71 this initial appeal was filed by 10 teachers the director of the mexican american studies program and 3 students and their parents 71 once the students graduated 2 dropped their appeals and the teachers and program director were dismissed for want of standing in january 2012 71 this left one student and her father on the appeal in march 2013 the appeals court ruled only in favor of the plaintiffs on the grounds that there was a first amendment overbreadth violation to house bill 2281 72 the plaintiffs decided to further appeal the case 71 on july 7 2015 the appeal on the ban of the mexican american studies maya arce vs huppenthal reached a federal appeals court 74 overseen by judge rakoff the court reversed part of what the district court had ruled on banning the course judge rakoff looked at the 4 categories listed above that constitute which classes are prohibited 74 rakoff stated that house bill 2281 was created with the mexican american studies course in mind 71 since the mexican american studies course was the only course in arizona to be banned it became clear that the bill had targeted the one course this led the court to find the bill partially unconstitutional as it did not require similar mexican american studies courses outside the tucson unified school district to cease teaching the bill also did not ban african american studies courses that were being taught 74 rakoff s final ruling affirmed part of the bill to be unconstitutional regarding the plaintiff s first amendment right 71 however rakoff upheld the district court s ruling that the bill is not overbroad 71 rakoff sent part of the appeal back to the district court to review the claim that the bill is discriminatory 71 in august 2017 a different federal judge found that the bill was motivated by discriminatory intent and struck down the ban on ethnic studies as unconstitutional 75 the judge ruled that the ban had been passed not for a legitimate educational purpose but for an invidious discriminatory racial purpose and a politically partisan purpose 76 criticism edit ethnic studies have always faced opposition from various groups proponents of ethnic studies feel that this is a reactionary movement from the right they note the rise of the conservative movement in the united states during the 1990s during which the discipline came under increasing attack for proponents the backlash is an attempt to preserve traditional values of western culture symbolized by the united states for some critics this is a slant by proponents to disparage criticism by false association with right wing ideology they have no objection to african latino or native american culture being legitimate topics of academic research what they object to is the current state of ethnic studies which they see as characterized by excessive left wing political ideology postmodernist relativism which in their view greatly undermines the scholarly validity of the research however ethnic studies is accused of promoting racial separatism linguistic isolation and racial preference 77 in 2005 ward churchill a professor of ethnic studies at university of colorado at boulder came under severe fire for an essay he wrote called on the justice of roosting chickens in which he claimed that the september 11 attacks were a natural and unavoidable consequence of what he views as unlawful us policy and referred to the technocratic corps working in the world trade center as little eichmanns 78 conservative commentators used the churchill affair to attack ethnic studies departments as enclaves of anti americanism which promote the idea of ethnic groups as victims in us society and not places where serious scholarship is done 79 in the face of such attacks ethnic studies scholars now have to defend the field in the media this takes the form of characterizing the attack as a right wing reactionary movement for example orin starn a cultural anthropologist and specialist in native american studies at duke university says the united states is a very diverse country and an advocate would say we teach kids to understand multiculturalism and diversity and these are tools that can be used in law government business and teaching which are fields graduates go into it promotes thinking about diversity globalization how we do business and how we work with nonprofits 80 in reaction to criticisms that ethnic studies academics undermine the study of a unified american history and culture or that ethnic studies are simply a colored version of american studies defenders point out that ethnic studies come out of the historically repressed and denied presence of groups within the u s knowledge production literature and epistemology efforts to merge ethnic studies with american studies have been met with fierce opposition as at uc berkeley while the field is already decades old the ongoing creation of new ethnic studies departments is fraught with controversy administrators at columbia university attempted to placate student protests for the creation of an ethnic studies department in 1996 by offering american studies as a compromise 81 see also edit african american studies arab studies armenian studies latino studies chicana o studies jewish studies romani studies asian american studies native american studies slavic studies whiteness studies references edit tillman linda fenwick w english 2006 encyclopedia of educational leadership and administration thousand oaks ca usa sage publications isbn 9780761930877 1 2 anderson melinda d march 7 2016 the academic benefits of ethnic studies the atlantic retrieved december 14 2018 hu dehart evelyn 1993 the history development and future of ethnic studies the phi delta kappan 75 1 50 54 jstor 20405023 chapman roger 2013 culture wars in america an encyclopedia of issues viewpoints and voices london routledge isbn 9780765683021 herlihy mera jeffrey 2018 after american studies rethinking the legacies of transnational exceptionalism routledge p 5 retrieved august 21 2019 evans farrell february 17 2023 the campus walkout that led to america s first black studies department history retrieved february 26 2026 bates karen grigsby march 21 2019 the student strike that changed higher ed forever npr retrieved february 26 2026 james archived from the original on may 18 2020 retrieved november 4 2006 jacquelyn serrano 150w matriarchs of twlf ethnic studies a look into the history of the matriarchs of the department of ethnic studies at uc berkeley e scholarship retrieved december 3 2025 ronald reagan launched political career using the berkeley campus as a target university of california berkeley news retrieved december 3 2025 ethnic studies is 50 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november 28 2016 1 2 3 diaz tony august 11 2015 arizona gets schooled update on ban of mexican american studies huffington post retrieved november 28 2016 depenbrock julie federal judge finds racism behind arizona law banning ethnic studies npr org npr retrieved august 27 2017 planas roque december 28 2017 arizona can t ban mexican american studies anymore judge says huffington post retrieved october 5 2018 acri org newsletter june19993 htm archived december 23 2004 at the wayback machine charlie brennan february 3 2005 college journalist touched off firestorm rocky mountain news goldblatt mark february 9 2005 nationalreview com comment goldblatt200502090753 asp nationalreview com retrieved october 17 2011 denverpost com stories 0 1413 36 53 2722200 00 html denver post archived from the original on may 15 2012 retrieved october 17 2011 nytimes com new york times april 19 1996 retrieved october 17 2011 external links edit arizona students protest new law banning ethnic studies classes 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