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u commune began to implement a criminal plan aimed at eliminating azerbaijanis from the whole of baku province 53 soviet position edit the baku soviet s committee of revolutionary defense issued a proclamation early in april explaining the events and their causes the statement claimed an anti soviet character of the rebellion and blamed musavat and its leadership for the events soviet s statement asserted that there was a carefully laid out conspiracy by musavat to overthrow the baku soviet and to establish its own regime the enemies of soviet power in the city of baku have raised their head the malice and hatred with which they viewed the revolutionary organ of the workers and soldiers began recently to overflow into open counterrevolutionary activities the appearance of the staff of the savage division headed by the unmasked talyshkhanov the events in lenkoran in mugan and at shemakha the capture of petrovsk by the daghestan regiment and the withholding of grain shipments from baku the threats of elisavetpol and in the last few days of tbilisi to march on baku against soviet power the aggressive movements of the armored train of the transcaucasian commissariat in adzhikabul and finally the outrageous behavior of the savage division on the steamship evelina in shooting comrades all this speaks of the criminal plans of the counterrevolutionaries grouped mainly around the bek party musavat and having as its goal the overthrow of soviet power 19 shahumian considered the march events to be a triumph of the soviet power in the caucasus transcaucasia has entered a period of active armed struggle for the soviet power for three days 30th 31 march and 1 april a furious battle raged in the city of baku on one side were fighting the soviet red guard the red international army recently organized by us the red fleet which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time and armenian national units on the other side the muslim savage division in which there were quite a few russian officers and bands of armed muslims led by the musavat party for us the results of the battle were brilliant the destruction of the enemy was complete we dictated to them the conditions which were signed without reservation more than three thousand were killed on both sides the soviet power in baku has always been hanging by a thread due to the resistance of muslim nationalistic parties these parties led by feudal intelligentsia beks and khans which settled in elisavetpol and tbilisi thanks to the degraded and cowardly politics of the mensheviks became very aggressive in baku too if they had taken the control of baku the city would have been declared the capital of azerbaijan and all non muslim elements would have been disarmed and killed 69 in the opinion of the american historian tadeusz swietochowski in his enthusiasm shahumyan might not have remembered that in 1905 he himself had accused the tsardom of reaping in benefits of the muslim armenian massacres it is doubtful that to him as opposed to the azerbaijanis any similarity suggested itself 70 joseph stalin who was bolshevik people s commissar at the time stated in the pravda newspaper that the march days happened in protest of transcaucasian commissariat in tbilisi all of armenia is protesting against the usurpation of the self proclaimed tiflis government demanding the resignation of the sejm deputies and the center of muslims baku the citadel of soviet power in transcaucasus unified around itself the entire eastern transcaucasus from lenkoran and kuba till elizavetpol with arms in hands is asserting the rights of people of transcaucasus who try by all forces to maintain a link with soviet russia 71 victor serge in year one first year of the russian revolution the soviet at baku led by shahumyan was meanwhile making itself the ruler of the area discreetly but unmistakably following the moslem rising of 18 30 march it had to introduce a dictatorship this rising instigated by the musavat set the tartar and turkic population led by their reactionary bourgeoisie against the soviet which consisted of russians with support from the armenians the races began to slaughter each other in the street most of the turkic port workers the ambal either remained neutral or supported the reds the contest was won by the soviets citation needed armenian position edit the armenian view of the march 1918 events was documented in a letter written by archbishop bagrat to the american mission in baku the letter began with the accusation that the azerbaijanis being the disciples of the turks and the germans could not be trusted having thus disposed of the azerbaijani version of the events bagrat stated that the battle was waged by the musavat and the soviet while the armenians remained neutral the archbishop claimed that some armenian soldiers took part in the fighting but that those were only isolated individuals for whom the armenian national council could not be held responsible 72 he also claimed that the armenians gave shelter to some 20 000 muslims during the struggle 73 72 armenians had been inflamed by the sight and pitiful stories of several hundred thousand refugees who had succeeded in reaching transcaucasia fleeing before the ottoman army 74 consequently when the russian army broke up the armenians preserved their discipline against all attempts of the bolsheviks and were the only force upon which the allies could count in southwestern asia during the last year of the war 74 the two million armenians of transcaucasia increased by several hundred thousand refugees from the ottoman empire persisted in their loyalty to russia until the treaty of brest litovsk delivered them to the ottoman empire 74 then they moved to form their own state which succeeded in maintaining itself during the period of anarchy and famine that bolshevism brought upon the russian empire 74 at the peace conference speaking before the council of ten m aharonian delegate of the armenian republic of the caucasus stated that the two and a half million armenians in transcaucasia wanted to cast in their fortunes with the armenians of ottoman empire to form a greater armenia 74 according to michael p croissant the arf set out to take revenge for the persecution and genocide suffered by armenians at the hands of the ottomans 22 while tadeusz swietochowski states that armenian historians do not offer an explanation for the political calculations behind this move which was bound to entail terrible retribution and they hint rather at an uncontrollable emotional outburst 75 other positions edit according to firuz kazemzadeh the soviet provoked march events to eliminate its most formidable rival the musavat however when soviet leaders reached out to arf for assistance against the azerbaijani nationalists the conflict degenerated into a massacre with the armenians killing the muslims irrespective of their political affiliations or social and economic position 76 following an investigation the scientific service of the german bundestag came to the conclusion that in specialist literature and journalism there are different accounts of the events incidents and casualty figures which makes a reliable account difficult 77 78 international recognition edit on 27 march 2012 the new york state senate adopted the first ever legislative resolution j3784 2011 proclaiming 31 march 2012 as the azerbaijani remembrance day 79 the resolution was introduced by the state senator james alesi at the initiative of the members of azerbaijan society of america and azerbaijani american council 80 on 31 december 2010 governor jim gibbons of the u s state of nevada proclaimed 31 march as remembrance day of 1918 massacres of azerbaijani civilians in what became the first such recognition by the u s government institution 81 additional citation s needed see also edit list of massacres in azerbaijan azerbaijan democratic republic september days notes edit several historians put the total number at 12 000 4 armen garo stated the azerbaijanis suffered over 10 000 military casualties 2 the bolsheviks put the number of dead after two days at 3 000 3 here is what bakinsky rabochy reports about it in the first half of january 1918 on the railway line between tbilisi and yelizavetpol armed bands of moslems many thousand strong headed by members of the yelizavetpol moslem national committee and with the support of an armoured train sent by the transcaucasian commissariat forcibly disarmed a number of military units leaving for russia thousands of russian soldiers were killed or mutilated the railway line was strewn with their corpses they were deprived of about 15 000 rifles some 70 machine guns and a score of artillery pieces joseph stalin 26 27 march 1918 transcaucasian counter revolutionaries under a socialist mask marxists internet archive dear comrade shahumyan many thanks for the letter we are delighted by your firm and decisive policy do unite with it a most cautious diplomacy which is doubtlessly made necessary by the present most difficult situation and we shall win the difficulties are unfathomable up to now we have been saved by the contradictions and conflicts and the struggle among imperialists be able to use these conflicts now it is necessary to learn diplomacy best wishes and greetings to all the friends v ulyanov lenin stepan shahumyan статьи и речи bakinskii rabochii articles and speeches of the bolshevik extraordinary commissar for the caucasus 1924 p 224 peter hopkirk alarmed by the growing military strength of the armenians to which british support had undoubtedly contributed the baku muslims had secretly sought help from their co religionists elsewhere among those who responded were units of the all muslim savage division which had until the revolution formed part of the tsarist forces flush with their success in overthrowing the bolshevik garrison at the caspian port of lenkoran some detachments now set sail for baku their arrival on march 30 caused great consternation among both bolsheviks and armenians when officials were sent down to the dockside to try to discover what their intentions were they were driven back by gunfire a number of them being killed eventually the newcomers were disarmed by a stronger bolshevik force but when more units of the savage division arrived on april 1 in macdonell s words the baku cauldron boiled over no one really knows who fired the first shot but very soon it had become a battlefield with trenches and barricades being hastily prepared everywhere peter hopkirk claims of the peace delegation of the republic of caucasian azerbaijan presented to the peace conference in paris paris 1919 pp 18 19 the contents of the ultimatum presented by the bolsheviks and accepted by the musavat we demand the immediate end of the military activity opened against soviet power in the city of baku we demand the immediate surrender of fortified posts and the destruction of trenches in order to avoid repetition in the future of such acts the committee of revolutionary defense demands 1 open and unconditional recognition of the power of the baku soviet of workers soldiers and sailors deputies and the complete subordination to all its orders 2 the savage division as a counterrevolutionary military units cannot be tolerated with the bounds of baku and its districts other national moslem military units as well as armenian ones should be either led out of the city or subordinated completely to the soviet whole armed population must be under the control and check of the soviet 3 we demand the acceptance of immediate measures to open the railroads from baku to tbilisi and from baku to petrovsk suny 1972 pp 217 221 the leaders of the tartars at baku were convinced that they would easily disarm the armenian soldiers because they were somewhat shut up in baku but they were sadly mistaken in their calculations after a bloody battle which lasted a whole week the armenians remained masters of the city and its oil wells they suffered a loss of nearly 2 500 killed while tartars lost more than 10 000 the commander of the military forces of the armenians was the same general bagradouni who although he lost both of his legs during the fight continued his duties until september 14 when the armenians and the small number of englishmen who came to their assistance were forced to abandon baku to the superior forces of the turco tartars and retreat toward the city of enzeli in the northern caucasus pasdermadjian 1918 pp 193 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 hopkirk peter 1994 like hidden fire the plot to bring down the british empire new york kodansha globe pp 281 283 287 isbn 1 56836 127 0 1 2 pasdermadjian 1918 pp 193 1 2 3 4 5 6 altstadt 1992 pp 86 1 2 smith 2001 p 228 the results of the march events were immediate and total for the musavat several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting up to 12 000 muslim civilians perished thousands of others fled baku in a mass exodus 1 2 new republics in the caucasus the new york times current history 11 2 492 march 1920 1 2 3 4 michael smith pamiat ob utratakh i azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo traumatic loss and azerbaijani national memory azerbaidzhan i rossiia obshchestva i gosudarstva azerbaijan and russia societies and states in russian sakharov center archived from the original on 1 april 2020 retrieved 21 august 2011 1 2 de waal thomas 2010 the caucasus an introduction oxford university press p 62 isbn 978 0 19 539976 9 in the so called march days of 1918 baku descended into a mini civil war after the bolsheviks declared war on musavat party and then stood by as dashnak militias rampaged through the city killing azerbaijanis indiscriminately suny ronald grigor 1993 the revenge of the past nationalism revolution and the collapse of the soviet union stanford university press pp 41 42 isbn 0 8047 2247 1 buttino marco 1993 in a collapsing empire underdevelopment ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the soviet union volume 28 feltrinelli editor p 176 isbn 88 07 99048 2 violence increased during the civil war with massacres of azeri turks by the combined forced of armenian dashnaktsutiun party and the bolsheviks firuz kazemzadeh struggle for transcaucasia 1917 1921 new york philosophical library 1951 азербайджан и россия общества и государства old sakharov center ru archived from the original on 1 april 2020 retrieved 14 may 2013 tadeusz swietochowski russian azerbaijan 1905 1920 the shaping of a national identity in a muslim community cambridge university press 2004 isbn 0 521 52245 5 9780521522458 pp 116 118 the truly tragic turn of events came after acceptance of the ultimatum when the dashnakist allies of the bolsheviks took to looting burning and killing in the muslim sections of the city world and its peoples the middle east western asia and northern africa marshall cavendish 2006 p 786 isbn 0 7614 7571 0 muslims in baku revolted in march 1918 but their uprising was suppressed by the city s armenians de waal thomas ...
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