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the gary works of gary indiana seen here in 1973 is the largest integrated steel mill in north america 186 navigable terrain waterways and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region the region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization john d rockefeller s standard oil set precedents for centralized pricing uniform distribution and controlled product standards through standard oil which started as a consolidated refinery in cleveland cyrus mccormick s reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into international harvester in chicago andrew carnegie s steel production integrated large scale open hearth and bessemer processes into the world s most efficient and profitable mills the largest most comprehensive monopoly in the world united states steel consolidated steel production throughout the region many of the world s largest employers began in the great lakes region advantages of accessible waterways highly developed transportation infrastructure finance and a prosperous market base makes the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location henry ford s movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures the detroit area emerged as the world s automotive center with facilities throughout the region akron ohio became the global leader in rubber production driven by the demand for tires over 200 million tons of cargo are shipped annually through the great lakes 187 188 189 culture edit the milwaukee art museum is located on lake michigan following the sociological middletown studies of 1929 which were based on muncie indiana 190 commentators took midwestern cities and the midwest generally to be typical of the united states earlier the rhetorical question will it play in peoria had become a stock phrase using peoria illinois to signal whether something would appeal to mainstream america 191 as of 2010 the midwest has a higher employment to population ratio than the northeastern united states the southern united states or the western united states 192 euchre a trick taking card game remains popular in the midwest and parts of the upper south particularly in michigan illinois indiana ohio kentucky and pennsylvania 193 education edit manasseh cutler hall constructed by 1816 was the first academic building in the former northwest territory the university of chicago is considered among the most prestigious universities in the us 194 many midwestern universities are members of the association of american universities aau a bi national organization founded in chicago of leading research universities of the 69 members from the u s and canada 17 are located in the midwest these include private schools case western reserve university the university of chicago northwestern university university of notre dame and washington university in st louis and public institutions the university of illinois urbana champaign indiana university bloomington the university of iowa the university of kansas the university of michigan michigan state university the university of minnesota the university of missouri the ohio state university purdue university and the university of wisconsin madison 195 other notable major research intensive public universities include the university of cincinnati the university of illinois at chicago indiana university indianapolis iowa state university kansas state university the university of nebraska lincoln ohio university southern illinois university and wayne state university 196 numerous state university systems have established regional campuses statewide the numerous state teachers colleges were upgraded into state universities after 1945 197 other notable private institutions include beloit college john carroll university saint louis university butler university loyola university chicago depaul university creighton university drake university marquette university university of dayton and xavier university local boosters usually with a church affiliation created numerous colleges in the mid 19th century 198 in terms of national rankings the most prominent liberal arts colleges today include augustana college carleton college denison university depauw university earlham college grinnell college hamline university kalamazoo college kenyon college knox college macalester college lawrence university oberlin college st olaf college college of saint benedict and saint john s university mount union university wabash college wheaton college and the college of wooster 199 health edit the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the midwestern united states fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions acute conditions and chronic conditions 200 linguistics edit main articles inland northern american english north central american english yooper dialect and midland american english over the rhine in cincinnati the accents of the region are generally distinct from those of the american south and of the urban areas of the american northeast to a lesser degree they are also distinct from the accent of the american west 201 the accent characteristic of most of the midwest is popularly considered to be that of standard american english or general american this accent is typically preferred by many national radio and television producers linguist thomas bonfiglio argues that american english pronunciation standardized as network standard or informally midwestern in the 20th century he identifies radio as the chief factor 202 203 currently many cities in the great lakes region are undergoing the northern cities vowel shift away from the standard pronunciation of vowels 204 the dialect of minnesota western wisconsin much of north dakota and michigan s upper peninsula is referred to as the upper midwestern dialect or minnesotan and has scandinavian and canadian influences citation needed missouri has elements of three dialects specifically northern midland in the extreme northern part of the state with a distinctive variation in st louis and the surrounding area southern midland in the majority of the state and southern in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the state with a bulge extending north in the central part to include approximately the southern one third 205 music edit the hitsville u s a building in detroit was the first headquarters and studio of motown which played an important role in the racial integration of popular music the heavy german immigration played a major role in establishing musical traditions especially choral and orchestral music 206 czech and german traditions combined to sponsor the polka 207 the southern diaspora of the 20th century saw more than twenty million southerners move throughout the country many of whom moved into major midwestern industrial cities such as chicago detroit cleveland and st louis 208 along with them they brought jazz to the midwest as well as blues bluegrass and rock and roll with major contributions to jazz funk and r b and even new subgenres such as the motown sound and techno from detroit 209 or house music from chicago in the 1920s south side chicago was the base for jelly roll morton 1890 1941 kansas city developed its own jazz style 210 the electrified chicago blues sound exemplifies the genre as popularized by record labels chess and alligator and portrayed in film the blues brothers 211 rock and roll music was first identified as a new genre in 1951 by cleveland disc jockey alan freed who began playing this music style while popularizing the term rock and roll to describe it 212 by the mid 1950s rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the united states deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s which itself developed from earlier blues boogie woogie jazz and swing music and was also influenced by gospel country and western and traditional folk music freed s contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the rock and roll hall of fame located in cleveland chuck berry a midwesterner from st louis influenced many other rock musicians 213 downtown kansas city looking over union station since the founding of rock n roll music an uncountable number of rock soul r b hip hop dance blues and jazz acts have emerged from chicago onto the global and national music scene detroit has greatly contributed to the international music scene as a result of being the original home of the legendary motown records notable soul and r b musicians associated with motown that had their origins in the area include aretha franklin the supremes mary wells four tops the jackson 5 smokey robinson the miracles stevie wonder the marvelettes the temptations and martha and the vandellas these artists achieved their greatest success in the 1960s and 1970s midwest music fans loved country music heavy metal arena rock heartland rock and top 40 in the 1970s and 1980s native midwestern musicians such as bob seger john mellencamp and warren zevon found great success with a style of rock music that came to be known as heartland rock characterized by lyrical themes that focused on and appealed to the midwestern working class other successful midwestern rock artists emerged during this time including reo speedwagon illinois styx illinois and kansas prince the time morris day jesse johnson alexander o neal the family usa st paul paul peterson apollonia 6 vanity 6 sheila e and jimmy jam and terry lewis recorded minneapolis sound 214 house music the first form of electronic dance music had its beginning in chicago in the early 1980s and by the late 1980s and the early 1990s house music had become popular on an international scale house artists such as frankie knuckles marshall jefferson released many house music records with the creation of house music in the city of chicago the first form of the globally popular electronic dance music genre was created techno had its start in detroit in the late 1980s and early 1990s with techno pioneers such as juan atkins derrick may and kevin saunderson the genre while popular in america became much more popular overseas such as in europe 215 numerous classical composers live and have lived in midwestern states including easley blackwood kenneth gaburo salvatore martirano and ralph shapey illinois glenn miller and meredith willson iowa leslie bassett william bolcom michael daugherty and david gillingham michigan donald erb ohio dominick argento and stephen paulus minnesota sports edit the 2007 indianapolis 500 at indianapolis motor speedway professional sports leagues such as the national football league nfl major league baseball mlb national basketball association nba women s national basketball association wnba national hockey league nhl major league soccer mls and national women s soccer league nwsl have team franchises in following midwestern cities chicago bears nfl cubs white sox mlb bulls nba sky wnba blackhawks nhl fire mls stars nwsl cincinnati bengals nfl reds mlb fc cincinnati mls cleveland browns nfl guardians mlb cavaliers nba columbus blue jackets nhl crew mls detroit lions nfl tigers mlb pistons nba red wings nhl green bay packers nfl indianapolis colts nfl pacers nba fever wnba kansas city chiefs nfl royals mlb sporting or the wizards mls current nwsl milwaukee brewers mlb bucks nba minneapolis saint paul vikings nfl twins mlb timberwolves nba lynx wnba wild nhl united or the loons mls st louis cardinals mlb blues nhl city sc mls popular teams include the st louis cardinals 11 world series titles cincinnati reds 5 world series titles chicago bulls 6 nba titles the detroit pistons 3 nba titles milwaukee bucks 2 nba titles the minnesota lynx 4 wnba titles the green bay packers 4 super bowl titles 13 total nfl championships the chicago bears 1 super bowl title 9 total nfl championships the cleveland browns 4 aafc championships 4 nfl championships the kansas city chiefs 3 super bowl titles 4 total nfl championships kansas city royals 2 world series titles the detroit red wings 11 stanley cup titles the detroit tigers 4 world series titles the chicago blackhawks 6 stanley cup titles and the columbus crew 3 mls cups citation needed in ncaa college sports the big ten conference and the big 12 conference feature the largest concentration of top midwestern division i football and men s and women s basketball teams in the region including the cincinnati bearcats illinois fighting illini indiana hoosiers iowa hawkeyes iowa state cyclones kansas jayhawks kansas state wildcats michigan wolverines michigan state spartans minnesota golden gophers nebraska cornhuskers northwestern wildcats ohio state buckeyes purdue boilermakers and the wisconsin badgers citation needed other notable midwestern college sports teams include the akron zips ball state cardinals butler bulldogs creighton bluejays central michigan chippewas dayton flyers grand valley state lakers indiana state sycamores kent state golden flashes marquette golden eagles miami redhawks milwaukee panthers missouri tigers missouri state bears northern illinois huskies north dakota state bison notre dame fighting irish ohio bobcats south dakota state jackrabbits toledo rockets western michigan broncos wichita state shockers and xavier musketeers of this second group of schools butler dayton indiana state missouri state north dakota state and south dakota state do not play top level college football all playing in the second tier division i fcs and creighton marquette milwaukee wichita state and xavier do not sponsor football at all 216 the milwaukee mile hosted its first automobile race in 1903 and is one of the oldest tracks in the world though as of 2019 is presently inactive the indianapolis motor speedway opened in 1909 is a prestigious auto racing track which annually hosts the internationally famous indianapolis 500 mile race part of the indycar series the brickyard 400 nascar and the indycar grand prix indycar series the road america and mid ohio road courses opened in the 1950s and 1960s respectively other motorsport venues in the midwest are indianapolis raceway park home of the nhra u s nationals michigan international speedway chicagoland speedway kansas speedway gateway international raceway and the iowa speedway the kentucky speedway is just outside the officially defined midwest but is linked with the region because the track is located in the cincinnati metropolitan area citation needed notable professional golf tournaments in the midwest include the memorial tournament bmw championship and john deere classic citation needed cultural overlap edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed september 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