Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
of, century, speaker, elections, the, united, states, house, representatives, contents, selection, history, partisan, role, presiding, officer, other, functions, see, also, notes, references, bibliography, external, links, eligibility, non, members, pro, tempore, 19th, 20th, 21st, multi, ballot,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (828), speaker (244), house (232), and (173), from (75), #states (72), united (71), retrieved (68), was (67), for (67), january (66), 2023 (65), representatives (59), congress (59), members (55), president (54), party (53), october (45), republican (43), that (43), with (41), office (38), archived (38), majority (37), elections (35), pro (35), original (34), list (33), rules (33), senate (32), tempore (32), elected (32), congressional (31), 2019 (30), may (28), new (28), december (27), 2021 (27), his (27), committee (26), not (26), vote (26), election (25), history (25), other (24), after (24), first (23), member (23), democratic (23), republicans (23), this (22), pelosi (22), leader (22), democrats (22), which (22), service (21), speakers (21), constitution (21), officer (21), mccarthy (21), edit (21), their (21), who (21), john (20), when (20), under (19), article (19), speakership (18), washington (18), government (18), secretary (17), caucus (17), minority (17), american (16), presidential (16), 2015 (16), 2007 (16), pdf (16), during (16), clause (15), but (15), succession (15), been (15), capitol (14), vice (14), research (14), presiding (14), voting (14), has (14), over (14), nancy (14), time (14), also (14), would (14), had (14), all (13), march (13), cannon (13), johnson (13), since (13), report (13), news (13), more (13), political (13), non (12), power (12), rayburn (12), gov (12), legislative (12), act (12), leaders (12), mike (12), clay (12), role (12), november (12), one (12), most (12), candidate (12), conference (11), votes (11), multiple (11), state (11), 2011 (11), york (11), 2003 (11), leadership (11), times (11), were (11), only (11), shall (11), have (11), democrat (11), september (10), court (10), war (10), thomas (10), library (10), committees (10), line (10), hastert (10), bill (10), powers (10), section (10), boehner (10), reed (10), two (10), kevin (10), presidency (10), 1789 (9), hill (9), its (9), general (9), parties (9), term (9), gingrich (9), representative (9), years (9), bills (9), following (9), district (9), are (9), ballot (9), elect (9), several (9), became (9), wikipedia (8), articles (8), neill (8), building (8), serve (8), heitshusen (8), valerie (8), 2018 (8), crs (8), february (8), ballots (8), century (8), such (8), until (8), before (8), serving (8), again (8), does (8), whip (8), policy (7), page (7), law (7), clerk (7), chief (7), call (7), joint (7), rule (7), 1999 (7), current (7), whig (7), 1947 (7), 1839 (7), 1825 (7), muhlenberg (7), 2017 (7), frederick (7), partisan (7), than (7), joseph (7), while (7), longest (7), removed (7), 2020 (6), chamber (6), health (6), ford (6), george (6), public (6), federal (6), executive (6), enrolled (6), chair (6), served (6), amendment (6), know (6), albert (6), 1859 (6), rossiter (6), post (6), practice (6), 2022 (6), july (6), opposition (6), august (6), bush (6), henry (6), acting (6), case (6), vacancy (6), once (6), schaub (6), james (6), there (6), portal (6), however (6), him (6), then (6), them (6), being (6), dennis (6), must (6), influence (6), position (6), used (6), midterm (6), oath (6), toggle (5), commons (5), wayback (5), links (5), short (5), related (5), old (5), supreme (5), publishing (5), madison (5), sergeant (5), arms (5), administrative (5), guide (5), roll (5), 1815 (5), standing (5), seniority (5), hold (5), procedure (5), session (5), quorum (5), procedures (5), present (5), 1949 (5), 1899 (5), did (5), lost (5), former (5), national (5), mchenry (5), 1955 (5), 1953 (5), 1940 (5), 1855 (5), 1820 (5), 1793 (5), 1998 (5), clinton (5), 2006 (5), period (5), control (5), civil (5), designate (5), sam (5), politics (5), william (5), virginia (5), purposes (5), required (5), ellis (5), dubinsky (5), both (5), various (5), functions (5), same (5), where (5), person (5), support (5), agenda (5), measures (5), led (5), although (5), could (5), start (5), finally (5), because (5), contents (4), search (4), legal (4), additional (4), terms (4), use (4), link (4), references (4), cs1 (4), date (4), url (4), english (4), longworth (4), commission (4), freedom (4), hall (4), adams (4), parliamentarian (4), pages (4), floor (4), counsel (4), 1819 (4), seal (4), whole (4), chairman (4), appointment (4), journal (4), slip (4), resolution (4), spending (4), 2000 (4), women (4), issues (4), districts (4), primary (4), single (4), 118th (4), eligibility (4), robert (4), chuck (4), vance (4), nothing (4), anti (4), administration (4), gillett (4), 1911 (4), 1903 (4), 1895 (4), 1891 (4), 1889 (4), banks (4), 1849 (4), taylor (4), 1823 (4), 1814 (4), 1811 (4), 1795 (4), 1791 (4), june (4), legislation (4), twenty (4), constitutional (4), they (4), help (4), cite (4), heritage (4), machine (4), nbc (4), weeks (4), rounds (4), michael (4), count (4), day (4), part (4), trump (4), early (4), sign (4), next (4), order (4), each (4), 2014 (4), nlrb (4), noel (4), canning (4), seat (4), can (4), officers (4), see (4), made (4), into (4), system (4), any (4), whether (4), preside (4), debates (4), chosen (4), refused (4), reagan (4), known (4), roosevelt (4), brackett (4), very (4), fellow (4), gurney (4), supported (4), including (4), usually (4), 1923 (4), 19th (4), multi (4), months (4), nominated (4), incumbent (4), convened (4), woman (4), southern (4), oppositionists (4), jersey (4), largely (4), pennsylvania (4), foreign (4), courts (4), removal (4), own (4), successor (4), many (4), ensure (4), powerful (4), 1st (4), body (4), affirmation (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), agree (3), wikimedia (3), foundation (3), wikidata (3), unsourced (3), maint (3), deprecated (3), archival (3), access (3), written (3), declaration (3), manual (3), directory (3), historian (3), services (3), chaplain (3), affairs (3), congr (3), historical (3), offices (3), budget (3), politico (3), quarterly (3), media (3), 1790 (3), special (3), discharge (3), ranking (3), consent (3), veto (3), suspension (3), sessions (3), process (3), salaries (3), length (3), historically (3), jewish (3), hispanic (3), black (3), expelled (3), dean (3), appointed (3), resigned (3), scott (3), development (3), defense (3), grassley (3), 1933 (3), 20th (3), federalist (3), 1995 (3), 1987 (3), 1977 (3), 1971 (3), 1961 (3), 1931 (3), 1869 (3), 1863 (3), 1861 (3), 1860 (3), pennington (3), 1857 (3), 1847 (3), 1845 (3), white (3), 1835 (3), polk (3), 1834 (3), 1821 (3), 1799 (3), 2004 (3), david (3), matthew (3), 2010 (3), neale (3), 2005 (3), overview (3), fifth (3), will (3), requires (3), april (3), out (3), wall (3), charge (3), obama (3), care (3), cnn (3), passes (3), days (3), williams (3), emily (3), murphy (3), bbc (3), tenure (3), end (3), against (3), always (3), union (3), shutdown (3), issn (3), panel (3), resign (3), charles (3), review (3), resolutions (3), approval (3), appoint (3), what (3), patrick (3), maryland (3), elects (3), laws (3), richard (3), cabinet (3), event (3), become (3), sworn (3), resignation (3), second (3), thus (3), vacant (3), along (3), unable (3), duties (3), able (3), participate (3), right (3), motion (3), madam (3), itself (3), perform (3), absence (3), occurred (3), her (3), whose (3), domestic (3), argued (3), newt (3), ronald (3), tip (3), belong (3), came (3), majorities (3), ensured (3), particularly (3), conservative (3), theodore (3), progressive (3), ceremonial (3), seen (3), played (3), through (3), often (3), victory (3), authority (3), note (3), head (3), primarily (3), despite (3), nathaniel (3), due (3), among (3), received (3), voted (3), later (3), leading (3), seats (3), selected (3), becoming (3), 1997 (3), chose (3), declared (3), revealed (3), 2002 (3), tom (3), changes (3), considered (3), held (3), north (3), carolina (3), agreed (3), result (3), intelligence (3), judicial (3), further (3), successfully (3), 2001 (3), roles (3), instead (3), holding (3), passage (3), name (3), sources (3), designation (3), create (3), provides (3), upon (3), someone (3), selection (3), tools (3), subsection (3), main (3), languages (2), table (2), code (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), text (2), organization (2), categories (2), category (2), statements (2), needing (2), without (2), description (2), buildings (2), room (2), course (2), revolutionary (2), door (2), surrender (2), reading (2), lincoln (2), apotheosis (2), democracy (2), signing (2), statue (2), center (2), complex (2), large (2), set (2), official (2), jefferson (2), copyright (2), reports (2), board (2), operations (2), doorkeeper (2), curator (2), gpo (2), cap (2), architect (2), gao (2), span (2), divided (2), memoirs (2), select (2), petition (2), breaking (2), reconciliation (2), recess (2), option (2), business (2), classes (2), blue (2), specific (2), item (2), unanimous (2), saxbe (2), fix (2), letter (2), continuing (2), closed (2), privileges (2), trial (2), impeachment (2), commerce (2), 1950 (2), sexual (2), asian (2), pacific (2), gerrymandering (2), apportionment (2), bipartisan (2), switched (2), censured (2), membership (2), concerning (2), doug (2), wright (2), howard (2), attorney (2), pete (2), marco (2), rubio (2), 1967 (2), 1788 (2), jacksonian (2), ryan (2), 1989 (2), 1962 (2), mccormack (2), martin (2), 1936 (2), 1925 (2), 1919 (2), clark (2), crisp (2), 1883 (2), carlisle (2), 1881 (2), 1876 (2), randall (2), 1875 (2), blaine (2), 1856 (2), 1851 (2), cobb (2), winthrop (2), 1843 (2), jones (2), 1841 (2), hunter (2), bell (2), 1827 (2), barbour (2), 1807 (2), varnum (2), 1801 (2), macon (2), sedgwick (2), succeeded (2), press (2), 108 (2), nature (2), questions (2), external (2), comprehensive (2), scholars (2), biographies (2), key (2), books (2), scholarly (2), 1913 (2), mark (2), green (2), university (2), shaped (2), bibliography (2), 1982 (2), proposed (2), perspectives (2), drug (2), tried (2), web (2), forte (2), essays (2), daniel (2), definition (2), border (2), take (2), abc (2), infrastructure (2), major (2), win (2), biden (2), push (2), carrie (2), budoff (2), brown (2), glenn (2), thrush (2), decided (2), live (2), updates (2), rep (2), long (2), broadwater (2), luke (2), future (2), wins (2), mccartney (2), allison (2), parlapiano (2), alicia (2), ashley (2), zhang (2), christine (2), josh (2), cochrane (2), matt (2), historic (2), san (2), francisco (2), status (2), blake (2), just (2), revolt (2), total (2), allan (2), nevins (2), volume (2), now (2), chaos (2), ousted (2), funding (2), 0362 (2), 4331 (2), schnell (2), mychael (2), emerita (2), hakeem (2), jeffries (2), succeed (2), gavel (2), deirdre (2), today (2), 2013 (2), address (2), texas (2), smith (2), s2cid (2), 2128798 (2), jstor (2), doi (2), 137 (2), presidents (2), stewart (2), institutional (2), impartial (2), chap (2), appoints (2), specified (2), katherine (2), named (2), deliver (2), secret (2), mcculloch (2), 1803 (2), marbury (2), 513 (2), 573 (2), 1281 (2), franck (2), greg (2), diana (2), liberty (2), paul (2), 1787 (2), america (2), how (2), traficant (2), ohio (2), dies (2), function (2), ending (2), fact (2), requirement (2), 2012 (2), continuity (2), notes (2), intra (2), few (2), went (2), effect (2), agnew (2), continued (2), nixon (2), carl (2), additionally (2), simultaneously (2), receives (2), agencies (2), exercised (2), addition (2), parliamentary (2), performs (2), procedural (2), debate (2), ordinarily (2), decisive (2), great (2), generally (2), engaged (2), assigned (2), determining (2), make (2), addressed (2), mister (2), even (2), seek (2), rulings (2), responsible (2), enforce (2), soon (2), practicable (2), whenever (2), appropriate (2), thereafter (2), designated (2), variety (2), highest (2), delegate (2), delegation (2), important (2), senior (2), give (2), modern (2), examples (2), include (2), opponent (2), economic (2), policies (2), bitter (2), donald (2), barack (2), hand (2), opposite (2), instance (2), force (2), cleveland (2), wing (2), facto (2), much (2), pushing (2), personally (2), recent (2), franklin (2), quincy (2), needed (2), ensuring (2), selects (2), developed (2), different (2), style (2), legislatures (2), significant (2), 68th (2), 36th (2), 34th (2), 26th (2), 3rd (2), requiring (2), won (2), four (2), ultimately (2), prevailed (2), remaining (2), less (2), ten (2), remove (2), replace (2), three (2), she (2), 116th (2), congresses (2), stand (2), figures (2), run (2), making (2), livingston (2), publicly (2), gephardt (2), appropriations (2), delay (2), dick (2), eight (2), met (2), plurality (2), sherman (2), compromise (2), candidates (2), northerners (2), opponents (2), nothings (2), illinois (2), sectional (2), massachusetts (2), kentucky (2), controversial (2), contest (2), dispute (2), delegations (2), council (2), relations (2), visa (2), requirements (2), columbia (2), paleo (2), neo (2), third (2), islands (2), vermont (2), south (2), dakota (2), louisiana (2), surveillance (2), appeals (2), jackson (2), series (2), five (2), saw (2), those (2), occasions (2), regained (2), senator (2), independent (2), 21st (2), whom (2), close (2), regularly (2), challenged (2), programs (2), influential (2), 1910 (2), granted (2), chairmen (2), helped (2), determined (2), passed (2), achieved (2), these (2), began (2), furthermore (2), example (2), learn (2), citations (2), purpose (2), duty (2), forma (2), created (2), require (2), appointments (2), argue (2), permitting (2), effectively (2), bound (2), qualifications (2), ineligibility (2), scientist (2), cannot (2), every (2), explicitly (2), free (2), organize (2), beginning (2), actions (2), informal (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, using, site, you, registered, trademark, profit, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, hcards, webarchive, template, errors, mdy, dates, 2024, 2025, matches, establishments, https, org, index, php, title, speaker_of_the_united_states_house_of_representatives, oldid, 1374969782, cornerstone, laying, subway, webster, residence, plant, recording, studio, fitness, facility, botanic, garden, facilities, lottery, russell, mountains, clouds, hart, dirksen, bust, collection, westward, empire, takes, way, princeton, columbus, doors, lord, cornwallis, burgoyne, emancipation, proclamation, progress, civilization, pediment, scene, painting, independence, visitor, statuary, columns, rotunda, dome, crypt, prayer, brumidi, corridors, artwork, statutes, serial, record, pictorial, printer, poet, laureate, register, copyrights, postmaster, librarian, employees, revision, interparliamentary, emergency, planning, preparedness, ethics, technology, assessment, workplace, rights, ocwr, cbo, police, comptroller, accountability, staff, headquarters, divisions, biographical, brick, 1800, continental, disputes, mace, gavels, items, subcommittees, markup, hearings, treaty, traditions, tie, senatorial, courtesy, riddick, nuclear, morning, filibuster, communication, advice, pocket, sponsorship, rider, referral, magic, minute, lame, duck, expulsion, dear, colleague, constituent, concurrent, cloture, censure, appropriation, immunity, franking, taxing, enforcement, oversight, necessary, proper, naturalization, inquiries, contempt, dormant, slave, owners, switchers, killed, wounded, died, 1900, wealth, sikh, quaker, muslim, mormon, lds, hindu, buddhist, religion, physicians, occupation, equality, lgbtq, gender, identity, native, latino, arab, middle, eastern, african, ethnic, racial, caucuses, groups, advisory, group, reprimanded, born, outside, youngest, unseated, shortness, longevity, lists, 120th, 119th, ineligible, ambiguity, exists, markwayne, mullin, homeland, security, collins, veterans, linda, mcmahon, education, chris, energy, sean, duffy, transportation, turner, housing, urban, kennedy, human, keith, sonderling, labor, lutnick, brooke, rollins, agriculture, burgum, interior, todd, blanche, hegseth, bessent, treasury, 25th, 1804, 12th, foley, bankhead, 1935, byrns, 1934, rainey, garner, henderson, keifer, kerr, pomeroy, colfax, grow, orr, boyd, davis, stevenson, cheves, dayton, trumbull, 2nd, preceded, 1885, houghton, mifflin, wilson, woodrow, 5th, document, 204, centenary, changing, notable, zelizer, julian, smock, raymond, susan, hammond, eds, masters, centuries, 9780451528810, isbn, signet, classics, papers, rohde, 1991, postreform, remini, smithsonian, standard, grossman, amenia, grey, 2009, work, subject, covering, depth, lives, yale, 292, examines, pressures, factors, focuses, study, garraty, volumes, contains, longer, alive, biography, gup, ted, ready, rl32969, analysis, 109th, r45394, disability, provisions, ever, test, themselves, certainly, parliamentarians, rl97, 780, precedents, jodi, lynn, anderson, ehrenhaft, andisheh, nouraee, bloomsbury, americapedia, taking, dumb, principal, features, immoral, expensive, unwise, 1310, poised, clashes, hurst, steven, sanchez, ray, exclusive, interview, diane, sawyer, annie, grayer, manu, raju, clare, foran, trillion, delivering, steeled, structure, governing, subcommittee, assignment, stalemate, edmonson, catie, watson, kathryn, quinn, melissa, cbs, race, grueling, debusmann, bernd, pbs, portrait, unveiled, nears, broder, jubilant, assume, city, county, endured, biggest, 150, wolfensberger, don, opening, joy, 116, 123, emergence, prologue, 413, 415, ordeal, dividing, 1852, jazeera, zurcher, anthony, got, begins, hard, greve, joan, guardian, hutzler, alexandra, peller, lauren, rachel, siegel, benjamin, parkinson, likely, avoiding, diaz, daniella, pick, lawmaker, lead, wire, sarah, denver, regains, confront, partial, shesgreen, allen, cooper, usa, walsh, overcomes, big, remain, cohen, micah, rejection, delivers, museum, 1968, essay, limits, 646, 154012153, 2307, 617, oleszek, walter, pre, twentieth, look, robinson, 138, charlottesville, miller, 2016, 1829, iii, tactician, online, peart, 231694119, 0898, 0306, 1017, s0898030620000226, rethinking, myth, moderator, extend, alternate, sec, 634, kyle, happens, tully, mcmanus, adopted, 108th, brent, griffiths, insider, temporary, 316, 401, 177, 552, pub, stat, 555, 556, really, 545, contemporary, corp, street, wants, need, fund, dysfunction, excuse, misreading, 542, 144, 1888, leicester, pamphlets, published, discussion, people, electing, frequently, asked, voice, explainer, com, fathers, deans, schudel, colorful, congressman, beth, lacking, ceases, brooks, gop, outsider, govinfo, chapter, 543, brudnick, ida, allowances, relyea, harold, arrangements, annotated, chuse, ratification, mechanism, filling, calling, unlikely, happen, except, aftermath, catastrophic, 1973, height, unexpected, departure, suddenly, assumed, 1974, choice, confirmed, nelson, rockefeller, gerald, spiro, watergate, immediately, followed, resigning, declarations, resume, sections, communications, boards, commissions, consultation, devise, testing, never, administers, audio, video, broadcasting, inspector, serves, chairperson, oversees, representing, entitled, matters, importance, amendments, barred, occasionally, exercises, matter, comes, deciding, allow, appointing, suspend, resolves, designates, chairwoman, speak, recognition, points, appealed, maintaining, decorum, physical, inability, holds, ceremonially, skill, junior, experience, designating, near, recesses, vocal, fought, battle, clashed, iraq, tend, increase, normally, scenario, undercutting, blocking, rejecting, famous, form, notorious, successful, attempt, clear, challenge, unique, guard, clique, marginalizing, punish, dissidents, obstruct, grover, meeting, 1981, tends, play, light, restrained, nevertheless, plays, larger, tasked, expense, player, passing, infamous, marginalization, centralizing, reform, increases, climate, joe, delano, deal, citation, pursuing, goal, chairs, steering, worth, said, ratified, full, functioning, true, honorary, spell, taken, clearly, cast, westminster, meant, scrupulously, outranking, having, tradition, kingdom, 133, howell, 31st, 30th, 23rd, philip, 17th, 16th, 1809, bradley, 11th, 1805, 9th, 6th, con, gress, slim, division, necessitating, round, balloting, six, holdouts, 15th, across, negotiations, between, failed, 110th, 52nd, 233, 202, reelected, 111th, 117th, dissenting, hierarchy, bid, unopposed, himself, critical, alleged, harassment, extramarital, affair, opted, urged, stay, subsequently, deputy, retained, perjury, bob, armey, nine, reelection, winning, concessions, pledge, requested, found, similar, dilemma, unacceptable, slavery, views, allied, nearly, oppositionist, withdrew, favor, unclear, loyalties, another, prolonged, fight, collapsed, emerged, opposing, bewildering, labels, simply, actually, concentrated, together, southerners, label, makeup, 234, distrust, identified, almost, secure, fuller, humphrey, marshall, prentice, alexander, richardson, though, begin, rival, certified, branches, problem, compounded, determine, whigs, neither, permit, participating, exclude, broad, gulf, cooperation, nations, passports, nationality, diplomatic, missions, department, superior, mayor, local, governors, territorial, federalism, polarization, culture, republicanism, protectionism, populism, nativism, nationalism, monarchism, individualist, capitalist, anarchism, feminism, environmentalism, constitutionalism, abolitionism, socialism, progressivism, objectivism, minarchist, libertarianism, classical, liberalism, trumpism, traditionalist, social, liberal, fiscal, conservatism, centrism, ideologies, libertarian, virgin, puerto, rico, northern, mariana, guam, samoa, wyoming, wisconsin, west, utah, tennessee, rhode, island, oregon, oklahoma, mexico, hampshire, nevada, nebraska, montana, missouri
Text of the page (random words):
pursuant to article vi the 1st united states congress passed the oath administration act that remains in effect which provides that the oath or affirmation required by the sixth article of the constitution of the united states shall be administered to the speaker 29 like the u s supreme court s ruling in nlrb v noel canning 2014 ellis and dubinsky cite an 1819 letter written by james madison to virginia supreme court of appeals judge spencer roane where madison stated that difficulties and differences of opinion arising in expounding terms and phrases used in the constitution might require a regular course of practice to liquidate and settle the meaning of some of them 23 30 in holding in nlrb v noel canning that the recess appointments clause of article ii section ii does not authorize the president to make appointments while the senate is in pro forma sessions 31 the supreme court cited marbury v madison 1803 and mcculloch v maryland 1819 in concluding that the longstanding practice of the government can inform the determination of what the law is 23 32 33 34 speaker pro tempore edit under the rules of the house the speaker may designate a member to serve as speaker pro tempore acting as the body s presiding officer in the speaker s absence in most instances the speaker pro tempore designation lasts for no more than three legislative days although in the case of illness of the speaker the speaker pro tempore may serve for ten legislative days if the appointment is approved by the house 35 patrick mchenry acted as speaker pro tempore in october 2023 following the removal of kevin mccarthy separately a speaker pro tempore is designated in the event the office of the speaker is declared vacant under the current rules of the house at the start of their term the speaker is required to create a secret ordered list of members to temporarily serve as speaker of the house if the speakership became vacant 36 and to provide the clerk of the united states house of representatives this list as soon as practicable after the election and whenever appropriate thereafter 35 37 the names are only revealed in the event of a vacancy e g by the speaker s death resignation incapacitation or removal from office 36 38 this succession list procedure was created in 2003 39 following the september 11 attacks to promote continuity of government 38 rule i clause 8 of the house rules states the member whose name appears first on the list shall act as speaker pro tempore until the election of a speaker or a speaker pro tempore 39 the speaker pro tempore is not in the line of succession for the presidency 38 following the removal of kevin mccarthy as speaker in october 2023 on a motion to vacate the first time in history that a speaker of the u s house of representatives was successfully removed by the house patrick mchenry was revealed to be the first name on mccarthy s list and became acting speaker 39 38 the intent of the rule was for the speaker pro tempore to serve for a short period until the house elected a new speaker but the house rules set no specific limit on the length of time that a member may be speaker pro tempore 39 the designation of a speaker pro tempore for purposes of succession and for purposes of serving as the body s presiding officer in the speaker s absence is separate from the speaker s designation of multiple members as speakers pro tempore for the purpose of allowing them to sign enrolled bills and joint resolutions 38 40 the house rules state with the approval of the house the speaker may appoint a member to act as speaker pro tempore only to sign enrolled bills and joint resolutions for a specified period of time 35 the list of the members with this duty usually political allies of the speaker or members from districts close to washington and thus better able to hold pro forma sessions is made public 38 history edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources speaker of the united states house of representatives news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2020 learn how and when to remove this message frederick muhlenberg 1789 1791 1793 1795 was the first speaker henry clay 1811 1814 1815 1820 1823 1825 used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored the first speaker of the house frederick muhlenberg of pennsylvania was elected to office on april 1 1789 the day the house organized itself at the start of the 1st congress he served two non consecutive terms in the speaker s chair 1789 1791 1st congress and 1793 1795 3rd congress 41 as the constitution does not state the duties of the speaker the speaker s role has largely been shaped by rules and customs that evolved over time scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors 42 19th century edit from early in its existence the speaker s primary function had been to keep order and enforce rules the speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process under henry clay 1811 1814 1815 1820 and 1823 1825 43 44 in contrast to many of his predecessors clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported for instance the declaration of the war of 1812 and various laws relating to clay s american system economic plan furthermore when no candidate received an electoral college majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the president to be elected by the house speaker clay threw his support to john quincy adams instead of andrew jackson thereby ensuring adams victory following clay s retirement in 1825 the power of the speakership once again began to decline despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter as the civil war approached several sectional factions nominated their own candidates often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority in 1855 and again in 1859 for example the contest for speaker lasted for two months before the house achieved a result speakers tended to have very short tenures during this period for example from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven speakers only one of whom served for more than one term james k polk is the only speaker of the house who was later elected president of the united states thomas brackett reed 1889 1891 1895 1899 was one of the most powerful speakers toward the end of the 19th century the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one at the time one of the most important sources of the speaker s power was his position as chairman of the committee on rules which after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 became one of the most powerful standing committees of the house furthermore several speakers became leading figures in their political parties examples include democrats samuel j randall john griffin carlisle and charles f crisp and republicans james g blaine thomas brackett reed and joseph gurney cannon the power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the republican thomas brackett reed 1889 1891 1895 1899 czar reed as he was called by his opponents 45 sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority in particular by countering the tactic known as the disappearing quorum 46 by refusing to vote on a motion the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved and that the result would be invalid reed however declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum through these and other rulings reed ensured that the democrats could not block the republican agenda 20th century edit joseph gurney cannon 1903 1911 is often considered the most powerful speaker the speakership reached its apogee during the term of republican joseph gurney cannon 1903 1911 cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process he determined the agenda of the house appointed the members of all committees chose committee chairmen headed the rules committee and determined which committee heard each bill he vigorously used his powers to ensure that republican proposals were passed by the house in 1910 however democrats and several dissatisfied republicans joined to strip cannon of many of his powers including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the rules committee 47 fifteen years later speaker nicholas longworth restored much but not all of the lost influence of the position sam rayburn 1940 1947 1949 1953 and 1955 1961 was the longest serving speaker one of the most influential speakers in history was democrat sam rayburn 48 rayburn had the most cumulative time as speaker in history holding office from 1940 to 1947 1949 to 1953 and 1955 to 1961 he helped shape many bills working quietly in the background with house committees he also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by presidents franklin d roosevelt and harry truman rayburn s successor democrat john w mccormack served 1962 1971 was a somewhat less influential speaker particularly because of dissent from younger members of the democratic party during the mid 1970s the power of the speakership once again grew under democrat carl albert the committee on rules ceased to be a semi independent panel as it had been since 1910 instead it once again became an arm of the party leadership moreover in 1975 the speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the rules committee meanwhile the power of committee chairmen was curtailed further increasing the relative influence of the speaker albert s successor democrat tip o neill was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of president ronald reagan o neill is the longest continuously serving speaker from 1977 through 1987 he challenged reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures republicans made o neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years the roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when after spending forty years in the minority the republicans regained control of the house with the contract with america an idea spearheaded by minority whip newt gingrich dennis hastert 1999 2007 was the longest serving republican speaker speaker gingrich would regularly clash with democratic president bill clinton leading to the united states federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 in which clinton was largely seen to have prevailed gingrich s hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 after the republicans lost house seats in 1998 although retaining a majority he did not stand for a third term as speaker his successor dennis hastert had been chosen as a compromise candidate since the other republicans in the leadership were more controversial hastert who had been serving in the house since 1986 became the longest serving republican speaker 1999 2007 hastert led the campaign to elect tom delay with whom he developed a close and effective partnership as house majority whip 21st century edit nancy pelosi first woman elected as u s house speaker behind president george w bush at the 2007 state of the union address the republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 the periods of 2001 2002 and 2003 2007 were the first times since 1953 1955 that there was single party republican leadership in washington interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as senator jim jeffords of vermont left the republican party to become independent and caucused with senate democrats to give them a 51 49 majority in the 2006 midterm elections the democratic party regained control of the house of representatives nancy pelosi was elected speaker of the house becoming the first woman to hold the position 49 john boehner was elected speaker when the 112th congress convened on january 5 2011 and was re elected twice at the start of the 113th and 114th congresses on both of those occasions his remaining in office was threatened by the defection of several members from his own party who chose not to vote for him 50 51 boehner s tenure as speaker which ended when he resigned from congress in october 2015 was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his own party related to obamacare appropriations among other political issues 52 this intra party discord continued under boehner s successor paul ryan kevin mccarthy became the first speaker to be successfully removed from office in october 2023 when boehner succeeded pelosi as speaker in 2011 pelosi remained the leader of the democratic party in the house of representatives and served as house minority leader for eight years before she led her party to victory in the 2018 elections following the 2018 midterm elections which saw the election of a democratic party majority in the house nancy pelosi was again elected speaker when the 116th congress convened on january 3 2019 in addition to being the first woman to hold the office pelosi became the first speaker to return to power since sam rayburn in the 1950s 53 following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a narrow republican party majority in the house pelosi did not seek a democratic leadership post in the next congress the democratic caucus named her speaker emerita 54 55 kevin mccarthy then became the new speaker of the house on january 7 2023 after the longest multi ballot speaker election since 1859 56 57 mccarthy was eventually removed as speaker on october 3 2023 after a further split in the republican caucus with five house freedom caucus members voting against mccarthy which when combined with votes of democrats resulted in the ouster of mccarthy 58 this was the first time in the history of the house of representatives in which the speaker of the house was successfully removed 59 following a multi day four ballot election mike johnson was elected speaker on october 25 2023 60 61 62 elections edit see also list of speaker of the united states house of representatives elections this article is part of a series on the politics of the united states federal government constitution of the united states laws treaties legislature united states congress house of representatives speaker mike johnson r majority leader steve scalise r minority leader hakeem jeffries d majority whip tom emmer r minority whip katherine clark d congressional districts list non voting members senate president jd vance r president pro tempore chuck grassley r majority leader john thune r minority leader chuck schumer d majority whip john barrasso r minority whip dick durbin d executive president of the united states donald trump r vice president o...
|
