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mays 1999 stated that the idea that the wharram percy bones are the remains of corpses burnt and dismembered to stop them walking from their graves seems to fit the evidence best if we are right then this is the first good archaeological evidence we have for this practice it shows us a dark side of medieval beliefs and provides a graphic reminder of how different the medieval view of the world was from our own as the above and the mays et al 2017 research article below make clear there is good evidence within the wharram percy pit complex assemblage for the argument of starvation cannibalism and or for treatment to combat the revenant dead that is in order to stop a corpse from re animating as per traditional mythology and yet there are arguments against both interpretations the fact that there are barely any cut or knife marks below the chest on the osteological material analysed that there is a lack of pot polish from boiling of the remains or the fact that the revenant dead are usually male whereas the wharram percy pit complex individuals include well represented females and non adults instead the investigators are careful with their interpretation and note the likelihood that the assemblage at this location time and evidence point towards revenant activity rather than starvation cannibalism a worthy end so there we have it a very quick tour through the ages to see that although the lord commander mormont suffered an inglorious end as a skull cup he was by no means the only one and he could not come back as a revenant although i picked fault with the method of his skull processing we can see in the osteological and archaeological examples above that there are no set ways to process bodies during the peri and post mortem phases therefore as bioarchaeologists or archaeologists it pays to investigate each avenue of evidence and see where it fits best within our current knowledge base notes 1 okay i admit it i started to write this post a while ago and i never quite finished it or got round to writing out a full draft game of thrones the hbo television series has now finished with the somewhat rushed conclusion to series 8 airing in 2019 as of this blog post i am currently four volumes into the book series on which the television series is based a song of ice and fire by george r r martin it s intriguing so far and i m keen to see how it diverges from the television series 2 the wikipedia page on the war of the roses has a fantastic family tree diagram with the affiliation of the kings families and nobles of the various english civil wars that make up the 15th century conflict it is well worth having a look and then trying to take it in the full page it is not something i am particularly familiar with further information to read my 2011 post on the upper palaeolithic british site of gough s cave somerset which dates to 14 700 cal bp click here this is an incredible archaeological site which features the post mortem processing butchery and probable cannibalism of human bodies including the somewhat enigmatic skull cups watch a wonderful movie on the gough s cave skull cups and learn more about the evidence via the natural history museum website he may be the best knife fighter of gin alley but he sure as hell cannot hold a skull properly watch the skull cup drinking scene that takes place north of the wall at craster s keep courtesy of youtube hbo check out kristina killgrove s who needs an osteologist series hosted on her blog powered by osteons read howard williams s archaeodeath blog which has a range of entries focusing on the way game of thrones use cremation in funerary rites throughout the tv series bibliography bello s m parfitt s a stringer c b 2011 earliest directly dated skull cups plos one 1 12 https doi org 10 1371 journal pone 0017026 open access mays s 1999 the archaeology of human bones glasgow bell bain ltd mays s fryer r pike a w g cooper m j marshall p 2017 a multidisciplinary study of a burnt and mutilated assemblage of human remains from a deserted mediaeval village in england journal of archaeological science https doi org 10 1016 j jasrep 2017 02 023 open access white t folkens p 2005 the human bone manual london elsevier academic press tags bioarchaeology game of thrones game of thrones osteology gough s cave human osteology magdalenian medieval archaeology night s watch revenant skull terminology skull cups upper palaeolithic archaeology war of the roses wharram percy comments 6 comments categories bioarchaeology bone basics deserted medieval village dismemberment game of thrones gough s cave historic england human osteology medieval medieval england osteology skull skull handling skull terminology skull cups taphonomy university of southampton upper palaeolithic wharram percy guest post an introduction to artificial cranial deformation from the great migration period in europe by maja miljević 17 oct maja miljević is currently an undergraduate student studying archaeology at the faculty of philosophy university of belgrade serbia her main interest is in physical anthropology with a research interest in prehistoric archaeology maja has had previous experience of analysing human skeletal remains as a part of a faculty module in the laboratory for bioarchaeology at the university of belgrade where she took part in the osteological analysis of a number of individuals dating from numerous mesolithic and neolithic archaeological sites located in eastern and central serbia introduction intentional or artificial cranial deformation has been long known through human history even though many articles have been published during recent years which have been focused on more earlier periods of prehistory in order to highlight historic cases that i present this short article on intentional cranial deformations from the european great migration period 3rd to 8th centuries ad with a particular focus on the 5th to 6th centuries ad in modern day serbia and modern day hungary which highlights the practices of cultural identification in these cultures in this turbulent period intentional cranial modifications intentional cranial modification has been documented throughout world prehistory and history across a number of distinct geographic areas and cultural groups they date back to the late paleolithic period 1 at the earliest example so far recovered molnar et al 2014 the most well known cranial deformations are those from the maya culture in modern day mexico in the first half of the 2nd millennium ad various south american prehistoric cultures and from ancient egyptian populations of the 18th dynasty cranial bones can be modified easily in the younger population since their cranial bones are soft and elastic artificial cranial modification is largely achieved through the binding of the head using boards straps cords or pads hakenbeck 2009 the deforming apparatus is used for a few days up to six months or sometimes even longer ranging from 3 to 5 years of use cranial deformities of this kind are done as the results of cultural practice and religious beliefs the main goal of this practice is to be distinguished from others within the population and to indicate special social status white et al 2012 miladinović radmilović 2012 intentional cranial deformation types there are five basic types and areas of artificial cranial deformation abbreviated to acd where appropriate and they often involve the use of boards and pads to achieve their distinctive styles a l ambdoid b occipital c fronto vertico occipital d parallelo fronto occipital e annular deformation as seen above artificial cranial deformations includes various or individual regions of the skull where pressure can be applied such as the occipital frontal regions or both together the mastoid region and finally the region just above the insertion of the nuchal ligament on the occipital bone these are largely referred to as tabular deformations as well as this there is another type practiced that included bandaging with wrapping materials called annular deformation around the full circumference of the skull which is also performed in early childhood miladinović radmilović 2012 molnar et al 2014 ortner putschar 1981 origin in barbarian world origin of this practice among the barbarian world probably started with sarmatians huns and continued with the germanic tribes alan goths gepids as the practice was spread across europe in the mid to late 1st millennium ad the practice of skull modification had probably originated in the central eurasian steppes in the first century ad and then may have been brought to central europe with nomadic people and various tribal units mrkobrad 1980 hakenbeck 2009 an example of acd in an individual from a germanic tribe from the national museum in kikinda photograph by the author thanks to this culturally mediated osteological difference in the skeletal remains in the great migration period it is a key indicator for understanding the process of said migration during the middle ages in the archaeological record in this locality not only did they just bury their dead in either settlements or necropolises it is also likely proof that they had intentions to stay and live there as demonstrated by the term from anthropology acculturation 2 they lived in the same houses used the same tools and probably dressed like or as similar to the romans themselves as it is seen in an example from the gradina na jelici site where three juveniles were buried in two basilicas all with clear intentional deformations and grave goods that are attributed to germanic tribes either the gepids or langobards also known as the lombards mилинковић 2010 in southeast serbia there is a necropolis site called viminacium više groblja where a total of 94 buried individuals have been excavated and in which 31 individuals exhibit artificial cranial deformation attributed to the gepids the gepids were closely associated to the goths due to their cultural similarity the reconstruction of a gepid woman was produced and helped to highlight how her cranium was viewed in life and how her hair was tied with organic material which probably mimicked the wrappings used to shape her head during infancy mилинковић 1998 микић 1993 reconstruction of a gepid woman demonstrating acd the reconstruction is based on an individual from the site of viminacium a roman fort dating from the 1st century ad located in serbia which was overran by the huns in the 5th century ad the site was rebuilt by justinian but destroyed completely by the slavs in the 6th century ad image credit mикић 1993 according to mikić 1985 two female skulls have also been discovered with artificial cranial deformations dating from the great migration period in pančevo modification was probably already visible in the second decade of life and was produced by using tight wrapping materials around the frontal parietal and occipital bones of the cranium there was not only one wrapping material used that produced an annular deformation to the skull but it was one used long enough in order to produce a high pressure effect to the skull as seen in the x ray below the first skull as viewed using an x ray from a lateral aspect highlighting the distinctive pressurized cranial deformation image credit mikić 1985 as for second skull modification was carried out a little bit differently in this instance wrapping material was also used but with a heavy burden which gave the female individual a distinctive saddle recess as demonstrated on the parietal bones as seen on the x ray below the second skull viewed in a lateral aspect on an x ray showing the parietal deformation and the distinctive saddle shape of the cranium image credit mikić 1985 besides those sites another interesting archaeological site where there is evidence of this artificial deformation is in sirmium a major roman and barbarian site in serbia where there is one male assigned skull described with a deformation it may be possible that there are more buried individuals that belong to germanic tribes exhibiting acd the sirmium individual with the skull indicating that acd had taken place during their infancy each plane shown here highlights the effect the cranial modification had on this individual image credit miladinović radmilović 2012 so it is obvious that they were a probable leader or someone who wanted to be distinguished from others as chosen by the individuals who carried out the artificial deformation on the infant miladinović radmilović 2012 reconstruction of a skull from sirmium serbia described above which highlights the method used to bind the cranial bones in this manner sirmium was a populous settlement first founded by illyrians and celts and subsequently become a roman city in the 5th century ad the city was taken by the huns and then by the goths and gepids image credit miladinović radmilović 2012 in hungary itself we have a good example of a number of artificial cranial deformations 9 individuals exactly who display this feature from the hun germanic period which can help us to see that there is no difference in sex as both males and females were a part of this practice or at least subjected to it molnar et al 2014 from an anthropological point of view we need to ask how bad can the physical effects on the individual be we know that brain is a complex organ and that any modification or alternation to either it or the cranium may cause physical and behavioral changes in normal cerebral function if there is a high degree of deformation it may have influence in vision worsening hearing ability or even cause epilepsy depending on what type of artificial cranial deformation is used o brien et al 2013 mrkobrad 1980 intentional cranial deformation may disrupt the normal closure time of the cranial sutures or produce minor effects like the increase of wormian bones in the lambdoid suture which in life would be asymptomatic miladinović radmilović 2012 conclusion as we have seen in few historic examples from serbia and hungary above this cultural practice did not stop with prehistoric people and cultures as it was carried out across the globe including during periods of great migrations it is interesting that it had a great influence on the barbarian people and their leaders of this period and that it continued to be practiced after they had conquered their enemy tribes or warring nations it may be hypothesized that they still wanted to be seen differently or to be seen as superior both within and outside their own cultural group unfortunately intentional cranial deformations probably stopped in the balkans with arrival of avarians around the 6th century ad although the practice still continues today within a modern medical environment notes 1 late paleolithic stone age period goes back from some 40 000 to 10 000 years before present 2 acculturation is cultural modification of an individual group or people by adopting to or borrowing traits from another cu...
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