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ve to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 gascony 2 plans 3 prelude 4 battle 5 aftermath 6 notes citations and sources toggle notes citations and sources subsection 6 1 notes 6 2 citations 6 3 sources toggle the table of contents battle of bergerac 5 languages dansk فارسی français русский 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 44 51 34 n 00 28 59 e 44 85944 n 0 48306 e 44 85944 0 48306 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia battle during the hundred years war battle of bergerac part of the gascon campaign of the hundred years war 18th century map showing bergerac within its defences and the bridge and suburbs south of the dordogne date late august 1345 location bergerac france 44 51 34 n 00 28 59 e 44 85944 n 0 48306 e 44 85944 0 48306 result anglo gascon victory belligerents kingdom of england kingdom of france commanders and leaders henry of grosmont earl of derby henri de montigny seneshal of périgord pow strength 1 200 men at arms of whom 700 were gascons 1 500 english longbowmen 2 800 gascon infantry 1 600 men at arms large number of infantry casualties and losses very light over 600 men at arms killed many captured large number of infantry killed location within france v t e hundred years war edwardian phase 1337 1360 1337 1340 cadzand arnemuiden english channel thiérache campaign cambrai scheldt campaigns sluys tournaisis campaign saint omer tournai 1342 1343 brest morlaix edward iii s breton campaign 1345 1347 gascony bergerac auberoche aiguillon crécy campaign caen blanchetaque crécy calais 1346 1347 lancaster s chevauchée 1346 1349 1352 lunalonge calais 1350 winchelsea saint jean d angély saintes ardres guînes 1355 1356 black prince s chevauchée 1355 edward iii s chevauchée 1355 normandy chevauchée 1356 breteuil loire campaign 1356 black prince s chevauchée 1356 poitiers 1358 1360 jacquerie reims campaign chartres treaties and truces espléchin malestroit calais guînes first london second london brétigny v t e hundred years war edwardian phase second war of scottish independence war of the breton succession castilian civil war war of the two peters caroline phase 1383 1385 crisis glyndŵr rebellion armagnac burgundian conflict lancastrian phase the battle of bergerac was fought between anglo gascon and french forces at the town of bergerac gascony in august 1345 during the hundred years war in early 1345 edward iii of england decided to launch a major attack on the french from the north while sending smaller forces to brittany and gascony the latter being both economically important to the english war effort and the proximate cause of the war the french focused on the threat to northern france leaving comparatively small forces in the south west henry of grosmont earl of derby arrived in gascony in august and breaking with the previous policy of cautious advance struck directly at the largest french concentration at bergerac he surprised and defeated the french forces under bertrand i of l isle jourdain and henri de montigny the french suffered heavy casualties and the loss of the town a significant strategic setback along with the battle of auberoche later in the year it marked a change in the military balance of power in the region it was the first of a series of victories which would lead to henry of derby being called one of the best warriors in the world by a contemporary chronicler 1 gascony edit france in 1330 under french royal control in 1214 gained from english control by 1330 england and english controlled gascony in 1330 since the norman conquest of 1066 english monarchs had held titles and lands within france the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of france the french began re taking these lands from the english in the late 12th century by 1337 only gascony in south western france and ponthieu in northern france were left 2 the gascons preferred their relationship with a distant english king who left them alone to one with a french king who would interfere in their affairs 3 following a series of disagreements between philip vi of france and edward iii of england on 24 may 1337 philip s great council in paris agreed that the duchy of aquitaine effectively gascony should be taken back into philip s hands on the grounds that edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal this marked the start of the hundred years war which was to last 116 years 4 before the war commenced at least 1 000 ships a year departed gascony among their cargoes were over 80 000 tuns of wine 5 note 1 the duty levied by the english crown on wine from bordeaux the capital of gascony was more than all other customs duties combined and by far the largest source of state income bordeaux had a population of over 50 000 greater than london s 7 and bordeaux was possibly richer however by this time english gascony had become so truncated by french encroachments that it relied on imports of food largely from england any interruptions to regular shipping were liable to starve gascony and financially cripple england the french were well aware of this 8 although gascony was the cause of the war edward was able to spare few resources for it and previously when an english army had campaigned on the continent it had operated in northern france in most campaigning seasons the gascons had had to rely on their own resources and had been hard pressed by the french 9 10 in 1339 the french besieged bordeaux the capital of gascony even breaking into the city with a large force before they were repulsed 11 typically the gascons could field 3 000 6 000 men the large majority infantry although up to two thirds of them would be tied down in garrisons 12 the border between english and french territory in gascony was extremely unclear many landholders owned a patchwork of widely separated estates perhaps owing fealty to a different overlord for each each small estate was likely to have a fortified tower or keep with larger estates having castles fortifications were also constructed at transport choke points to collect tolls and to restrict military passage fortified towns grew up alongside all bridges and most fords over the many rivers in the region military forces could support themselves by foraging so long as they moved on at frequent intervals if they wished to remain in one place for any length of time as was necessary to besiege a castle then access to water transport was essential for supplies of food and fodder and desirable for such items as siege equipment 13 warfare was usually a struggle for possession of castles and other fortified points and for the mutable loyalty of the local nobility the region had been in a state of flux for centuries and many local lords served whichever country was stronger regardless of national ties 14 15 by 1345 after eight years of war english controlled territory mostly consisted of a coastal strip from bordeaux to bayonne with isolated strongholds further inland the french had strong fortifications throughout what had once been english controlled gascony several directly threatened bordeaux libourne 20 miles 32 km to the east allowed french armies to assemble a day s march from bordeaux the strongly fortified town of blaye was situated on the north bank of the gironde only 25 miles 40 km downstream of bordeaux and in a position to interdict its vital seaborne communications 16 the fortress of langon 30 miles 48 km south of bordeaux blocked upstream communication along the garonne and facilitated the supply of any french force advancing on bordeaux 17 plans edit bayonne bordeaux blaye bergerac libourne langon périgueux location of bergerac in modern nouvelle aquitaine and other places named in the text nouvelle aquitaine within modern france edward determined early in 1345 to attack france on three fronts the earl of northampton would lead a small force to brittany a slightly larger force would proceed to gascony under the command of henry earl of derby and the main force would accompany edward to france or flanders 18 19 the previous seneschal of gascony nicholas de la beche was replaced by the more senior ralph earl of stafford who sailed for gascony in february with an advance force derby was appointed the king s lieutenant in gascony on 13 march 1345 20 and received a contract to raise a force of 2 000 men in england and further troops in gascony itself 21 the highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in gascony with an option for edward iii to extend it for a further six month on the same terms 22 derby was given a high degree of autonomy for example his strategic instructions were si guerre soit et a faire le bien q il poet if there is war do the best you can 23 in early 1345 the french decided to stand on the defensive in the south west their intelligence correctly predicted english offensives in the three theatres but they did not have the money to raise a significant army in each they anticipated correctly that the english planned to make their main effort in northern france thus they directed what resources they had to there planning to assemble their main army at arras on 22 july south western france was encouraged to rely on its own resources but as the truce of malestroit signed in early 1343 was still in effect the local lords were reluctant to spend money and little was done 24 prelude edit derby s force embarked at southampton at the end of may due to bad weather his fleet of 151 ships was forced to shelter in falmouth for several weeks en route finally departing on 23 july 25 26 the gascons primed by stafford to expect derby s arrival in late may and sensing the french weakness took the field without him the gascons captured the large weakly garrisoned castles of montravel and monbreton on the dordogne in early june both were taken by surprise and their seizure broke the tenuous truce of malestroit 27 stafford made a short advance north to besiege blaye with his advance party and perhaps 1 000 men at arms and 3 000 infantry of the gascon lords having established the siege he left the gascons to prosecute it and proceeded to langon south of bordeaux and set up a second siege the anglo gascon forces at both sieges could be readily supplied by ship 28 the french issued an urgent call to arms 27 meanwhile small independent parties of gascons raided across the region a number of local french groups joined them and several minor nobles threw in their lot with the anglo gascons they had several significant successes but their main effect was to tie down most of the weak french garrisons in the region and to cause them to call for reinforcements the few mobile french troops in the region immobilised themselves with sieges of casseneuil in the agenais monchamp near condom and montcuq a strong but strategically insignificant castle south of bergerac 29 large areas were effectively undefended 30 edward iii s main army sailed on 29 june they anchored off sluys in flanders until 22 july while edward attended to diplomatic affairs 31 when they sailed probably intending to land in normandy they were scattered by a storm and found their way to various english ports over the following week after more than five weeks on board ship the men and horses had to be disembarked there was a further week s delay while the king and his council debated what to do by which time it proved impossible to take any action with the main english army before winter 32 aware of this philip vi despatched reinforcements to brittany and gascony peter duke of bourbon was appointed french commander in gascony on 8 august and based himself at agen 33 on 9 august 1345 derby arrived in bordeaux with 500 men at arms 500 mounted archers and 1 000 english and welsh foot archers 10 after two weeks recruiting and organising derby marched his force to langon rendezvoused with stafford and took command of the combined force 34 stafford had to this point pursued a cautious strategy of small scale sieges derby s intention was quite different rather than continue a cautious war of sieges he was determined to strike directly at the french main force before it was fully assembled 35 the french hearing of derby s arrival concentrated their forces at the strategically important town of bergerac where there was an important bridge over the dordogne under the command of bertrand de l isle jourdain they would also be within reach of the french force under henri de montigny seneschal of périgord besieging nearby montcuq 29 34 36 after a council of war derby decided to attack the french here the capture of the town which had good river supply links to bordeaux would provide the anglo gascon army with a base from which to carry the war to the french 37 it would also force the lifting of the siege of the nearby allied castle of montcuq and sever communications between french forces north and south of the dordogne the english believed that if the french field army could be beaten or distracted the town could be easily taken 38 battle edit henry of grosmont 1st duke of lancaster earl of derby sometime in mid august derby marched from langon with 1 200 men at arms of whom 700 were gascons 1 500 longbowmen and 2 800 gascon infantry 10 the french around bergerac and montcuq had 1 600 men at arms 39 and a large but unspecified number of other troops 40 derby s army moved fast and took the french forces by surprise note 2 the exact date of the battle is unknown a h burne gives the fall of bergerac as 26 august but holds that the battle took place some days before 42 while kenneth fowler gives the date of the fall of bergerac as 24 august 36 exactly where the first part of the battle took place is also unknown the modern historian clifford rogers makes the case for the road between st aubin de langais and st nexans 43 fowler believes it was on the road from montcuq to bergerac 44 the french either lured from bergerac by a ruse 45 or in the process of withdrawing from their siege of montcuq 46 or both were caught on the road by the anglo gascon army they were subject to a barrage of english archery and struck by a charge by the anglo gascon men at arms the french were routed and a running fight took place as they fled toward the st madeleine suburb of bergerac at the south end of the bridge because the pursuit was so close it was impossible to close the gates on the barbic...
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