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quarter, 009, 29761, coble, parks, web, edu, 戦時旬報, 第11号, 自昭和12年11月11日至昭和12年11月18日, 第6師団司令部, 松江附近戦闘詳報, 第7号, 自昭和12年11月8日至昭和12年11月13日, 國崎支隊, 郭汝棟電蔣中正第四十三軍此次松江戰役擔任防務暨偵察情形, kefu, jiang, 1987, 中华书局, 民国军事史略稿, 陸軍十八師出征滬西攜帶械彈器材等項及大場戰役損失與現有數量比較表, 陸軍十六師人馬械彈傷亡損耗俘獲簡報表, 各部傷亡登記表等, 00107, 顧祝同電蔣中正據報二十六師接替大場北沿滬太公路黃家宅等一帶陣地及抗日與損失情況等並請速撥補該師及該軍長自請處分請予免議, 087, 吳克仁電蔣中正六十七軍姚馬渡大城等戰役傷亡官兵數量並計戰鬥兵餘五千幹部傷亡三分之二輕重機槍遭破壞現在臨漳附近收容等情, 342, 蔡勁軍電錢大鈞查張旅長奉命入租界撤退後住址未明並已請俞鴻鈞辦理收容軍警團隊另請示可否俟市府統籌職局事務後再入京報告, 487, higashinakano, shudo, kobayashi, susumu, fukunaga, shainjiro, soshisha, analyzing, photographic, evidence, nankin, jiken, shokoshashin, kenshosuru, 凤凰出版社, 449, 抗日战争正面战场, 宋希濂電蔣中正錢宗澤撥補之三十四師兩團經日機砲轟後官長已逃亡淨盡另請補充三十六師兵員, firm, isolation, hardship, 堅守孤壘苦鬥四日八百壮士遵命撤退, 海軍省教育局, 235, 227, 10月27日, clodfelter, micheal, mcfarland, 392, 1492, alamo, 第6章, 戦闘の成績, 附表其1, 第13師団死傷表他, 陸軍十三師淞滬抗日十月份現有人員及傷亡並擬請補充統計表, 00056, 葉肇電陳誠敵以空砲向我一五九師洪團防守之馬家宅陣地猛烈轟擊陣地全毀隨即以步兵突入後經該團預備隊猛烈反攻遂將該敵擊退雙方傷亡甚重, 077, 薛岳電蔣中正等二十八日十一師與日軍交戰兩日成功阻止日軍另日軍進攻五十七師孟家宅該線未動及譚邃洪團受日機砲轟等, 薛岳電陳誠十一師與敵激戰兩日於二十八日撤至鐘家橋趙家柵之線五十三師依預定計畫調整戰線轉移於張仙廟謝家宅等, 089, 葉肇電陳誠一五九師附教導旅一部及工兵營即以一團接替新三宅老陸宅間防禦陣地主力任石崗門第二塘第二層陣地工事之增強等, 034, 葉肇電蔣中正突擊旅為九五六團二營等部抽編形成而黃團與唐橋頭日軍激戰有多員傷亡已奉命撤回原陣地等, 099, 葉肇電蔣中正一三, 師陣地受日軍攻擊多處通訊中斷稍後日敵轉移砲擊新三宅廣福之線另已奉編突擊隊等, 094, 陣中日誌, 自昭和12年10月1日至昭和12年10月31日, 歩兵第19連隊第1大隊, 193, 蔣中正電錢大鈞請楊虎代送朱耀華醫費三千元並代慰病情, 00007, 007, 何應欽電陳誠上海我軍右翼陣地撤至蘇州河南岸後扼守北站任掩護之謝團受敵包圍激戰目前情況不明津浦正面敵我仍在陡駭河對峙等, zheng, selected, 广西抗日战争史料选编, 第3卷, 广西军队和驻桂军队的对日作战, 廖磊電蔣中正等自十五日至二十三日二十一集團軍第四十八軍第七軍在陳家行談家頭至張家樓一帶抗日因犧牲過大後由三十三師等繼續抗日等
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1901 russo japanese war 1904 1905 japan korea treaty of 1910 taishō era tsingtao 1914 german pacific possesions 1914 siberia 1918 1922 shōwa era manchuria 1931 1932 china 1937 1945 french indochina 1940 coup d état 1945 pacific theatre 1941 1945 the battle of shanghai traditional chinese 淞滬會戰 simplified chinese 淞沪会战 pinyin sōng hù huìzhàn was a major battle fought between the empire of japan and the republic of china in the chinese city of shanghai during the second sino japanese war it lasted from august 13 to november 26 1937 and was arguably the single largest and longest battle of the entire war 13 with it even regarded by some historians as the first battle of world war ii 14 it resulted in the japanese capture of shanghai and heavy destruction to the city it was the first of the twenty two major engagements fought between the national revolutionary army nra of the republic of china roc and the imperial japanese army ija of the empire of japan at the beginning of the second sino japanese war the japanese eventually prevailed after over three months of extensive fighting on land in the air and at sea both sides accused each other of using chemical weapons during the battle with japanese forces confirmed to have deployed poison gas at least thirteen times 15 16 historian peter harmsen stated that the battle presaged urban combat as it was to be waged not just during the second world war but throughout the remainder of the twentieth century and that it signalled the totality of modern urban warfare 17 it was the single largest urban battle prior to the battle of stalingrad which occurred almost five years later 18 since the japanese invasion of manchuria in 1931 followed by the japanese attack on shanghai in 1932 there had been ongoing armed conflicts between china and japan without an official declaration of war these conflicts finally escalated in july 1937 when the marco polo bridge incident triggered a full scale war between the two countries 19 shanghai was china s largest and most cosmopolitan city with it being the world s fifth largest city at the time 20 17 shanghai was known as the pearl of the orient and paris of the east with it being china s main commercial hub and largest port 21 22 by deliberately initiating a major conflict in shanghai it s believed that the chinese leadership aimed to achieve several objectives to divert the main japanese focus to the yangtze delta thereby stalling the perceived north to south advance of the japanese army to give much needed time for the chinese government to move vital industries to the interior while at the same time attempting to bring sympathetic western powers to china s side though there is no consensus on whether this strategy was successful 23 24 25 26 during the fierce three month battle the forces of china and japan fought in downtown shanghai in the outlying towns and on the beaches of the yangtze river and hangzhou bay where the japanese had made amphibious landings chinese forces were equipped primarily with small caliber weapons against much greater japanese air naval and armor power 27 in the end shanghai fell and china lost a significant portion of its best troops the elite chinese forces trained and equipped by the germans 28 while failing to elicit any international intervention however the resistance of chinese forces over three months of battle shocked the japanese who believed they could take shanghai within days and china within months 29 the battle can be divided into three stages and eventually involved around one million troops the first stage lasted from august 13 to august 22 1937 during which the nra besieged the japanese naval landing force stationed in shanghai in bloody urban fighting in an attempt to dislodge them 30 the second stage lasted from august 23 to october 26 1937 during which the japanese launched reinforcing amphibious landings on the jiangsu coast and the two armies fought a house to house battle in the creek country north of shanghai 31 32 with the japanese attempting to gain control of the city and the surrounding regions the last stage ranging from october 27 to the end of november 1937 involved the retreat of the chinese army in the face of japanese flanking maneuvers and the ensuing combat on the road to china s capital at the time nanjing in addition to the urban combat trench warfare was also fought in the outskirts of the city 33 17 documentary film on japanese shanghai invasion 淞滬會戰 prelude edit ōyama incident edit ōyama incident on august 9 1937 on august 9 naval sub lieutenant isao ōyama 大山勇夫 head of the western detachment of the japanese special naval landing forces stationed in shanghai and his driver first class seaman saito yozo along with a guard from the chinese peace preservation corps were found dead around the gate to hongqiao airport on monument road several accounts allege ōyama and his driver were stopped by the peace preservation corps guard before ōyama opened fire and killed them the sub lieutenant and his driver were then subsequently killed in returning fire from other guards at airport 34 however ōyama was unarmed at the time of the shooting having left his sidearm at the headquarters historian peter harmsen purported the so called shootout to in fact be a staged scene to coverup the killing of the two japanese naval personnel by chinese soldiers masquerading as peace preservation corps 35 it is still unknown whether ōyama attempted to enter the military airport under higher orders the incident heightened the tensions between the chinese and japanese forces in shanghai on august 10 1937 the japanese consul general demanded that the chinese withdraw the peace preservation corps and dismantle their defense works around the city he also made it clear that the imperial japanese army regarded the shooting of a japanese officer as humiliating and that any further incident would escalate the situation in response to the incident the japanese began sending in reinforcements to shanghai facing the increasing japanese military presence in shanghai chinese troops were also being deployed to the shanghai area beginning on august 11 final efforts at negotiation edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2018 learn how and when to remove this message on august 1 1937 representatives from the united kingdom france united states and italy along with japan and china participated in the joint conference held in shanghai to discuss the ceasefire terms japan demanded the withdrawal of chinese troops from shanghai while the chinese representative yu hung chun dismissed the japanese demand stating that the terms of ceasefire have already been violated by japan the major powers did not wish to see another january 28 incident which greatly disrupted foreign economic activities in shanghai on the other hand chinese citizens feverishly welcomed the presence of chinese troops in the city in nanjing chinese and japanese representatives met for the last time for final efforts at negotiation the japanese demanded that the chinese withdraw all peace preservation corps from shanghai and all regular troops from the vicinities of the city the chinese insisted that the japanese demand of a unilateral chinese withdrawal was unacceptable since the two countries were already fighting a war in north china at last mayor yu made it clear that at most the chinese government would concede that the chinese troops would not fire unless fired upon japan on the other hand placed all responsibility on china because of chinese deployment of troops around shanghai negotiation was impossible and there was no alternative other than the spread of war into central china order of battle edit for a more comprehensive list see order of battle of the battle of shanghai first phase august 13 22 edit opening shots edit chinese troops of the peace preservation corps manning fortifications in shanghai around 9 am on august 13 the chinese peace preservation corps exchanged small arms fire with japanese troops in the zhabei wusong and jiangwan districts of shanghai at about 3 pm the japanese army crossed over the bazi bridge 八字橋 in zhabei and attacked various centers in the city citation needed the 88th division retaliated with mortar attacks sporadic shooting continued through the day until 4 pm when japanese headquarters ordered ships of the third fleet stationed in the yangtze and the huangpu river to open fire on chinese positions in the city late that night chiang kai shek ordered zhang zhizhong to begin chinese offensive operations the next day the next morning the republic of china air force rocaf began bombing various japanese targets and chinese ground forces attacked at 3 pm on the same day august 14 1937 the chinese government issued the proclamation of self defense and war of resistance 自衛抗戰聲明書 explaining the government s resolution against japanese aggression the battle of shanghai had officially begun chiang s initial plan was to have the numerically superior chinese forces attack the japanese by surprise and push them into the huangpu river using entscheidungsschlacht tactics recommended by his german advisor alexander von falkenhausen his troops were then to blockade the coast to deny the japanese the opportunity to land reinforcements at the huangpu wharves between yangshupu and hongkou the 88th division was to attack japanese army headquarters near zhabei and the 87th division was to attack the reinforced kung ta textile mill where the japanese naval command was located japanese artillery positions atop a roof the japanese strongholds in the hongkou salient were heavily fortified with thick concrete barbed wire sandbags and machine guns their bunkers and were also resistant to 150mm howitzers the only heavy weapons the chinese possessed zhang estimated it would take one week to achieve these objectives however the operation ran into trouble when his troops were fought to a standstill just outside the shanghai international settlement first attacks edit chinese troops on the bazi bridge where fierce fighting occurred in the early days of the battle on the late afternoon of august 14 1937 the chinese 88th division attacked japanese positions in downtown shanghai but was halted by direct fire from the entrenched japanese and heavy bombardments from the japanese third fleet moored in the huangpu chinese artillery was also positioned too far in the rear with inexperienced crews and poor communication from their observers preventing effective chinese artillery support in the fighting 36 chinese troops could only advance under the cover of machine gun fire by getting close enough to the emplacements to kill those within with hand grenades the chinese advance was greatly slowed and the element of surprise was lost 37 heavy smoke rises from pudong as seen from the bund august 14 1937 as a result the chinese suffered heavy losses in the first attack with over a thousand casualties including brigade commander huang meixing who was killed when an artillery shell destroyed his position near the bazi bridge by nightfall chiang ordered zhang zhizhong to pause the assault 36 operation iron fist edit on august 15 1937 chiang convened with his divisional staff to organize a second assault on the japanese defenses this time with greater firepower and preparation the chinese divisions were to use german stosstrupp shock tactics advancing immediately after an intense artillery barrage to break through japanese lines and fight their way deep behind enemy positions before the defenders could recover 38 since their forces lacked adequate heavy weapons to destroy the japanese bunkers directly the chinese command decided to use encirclement tactics to this end zhang zhizhong instructed his troops to take the streets surrounding the japanese strongholds avoiding costly frontal attacks on heavily fortified positions 38 chinese troops mount a charge past a machine gun crew in the morning of the 17th the 88th and 87th divisions launched iron fist first intensely shelling the japanese positions and then charging with infantry in line with zhang s tactics every time a street was successfully cleared the chinese would construct sandbag blockades and gradually surround each japanese stronghold closing off all possible routes of escape the tactic was successful at first and the chinese were able to destroy several emplacements and outposts on the first day 38 troops of the elite 88th division guarding an intersection in downtown shanghai in spite of the fierce fighting and heavy casualties the chinese were unable to make a major breakthrough because of ineffective coordination between infantry and artillery poor reconnaissance and the relentless shelling from japanese ships on the huangpu river the chinese were further hampered by their reluctance to fight inside the international settlement so as to not alienate international opinion which prevented potential flanking maneuvers against weaker points in the japanese line at the bazi bridge the chinese 88th division suffered high casualties in a seesaw battle against japanese armor units which had flanked their positions from multiple directions 38 by august 18 1937 the chinese attack had been called off iron fist had proved a costly affair for the chinese who had endured heavy casualties in the vicious urban fighting 38 urban fighting edit on august 18 1937 another 1 400 japanese marines were shipped in to shanghai from manchuria bolstering the ranks of the japanese shanghai snlf on the same day chinese general chen cheng reached the front lines to discuss the situation with zhang zhizhong due to the attrition sustained by the forces present the chinese commanders decided to send the newly arrived german trained 36th division into the attack half the division was ordered to attack towards the hueishan 匯山 docks on the northern side of the huangpu river which would cut the japanese forces in two the plan entailed fighting through five heavily defended intersections heavy casualties were expected 39 on august 19 two regiments of the 36th division began their assault towards the wharf enduring withering fire from japanese defenders positioned on the roofs and upper floors of the buildings lining the streets the chinese were also subject to fierce bombardments from the japanese third fleet anchored in the huangpu 40 the japanese flagship izumo moored in the huangpu before the bund at this point the chinese decided to deploy british made vickers 6 ton tanks to assist their troops in the assault however the chinese were insufficiently trained in coordinating infantry tank tactics and the troops were unable to keep up with the tanks without sufficient infantry to protect them the tanks were vulnerable to japanese anti tank weapons and artillery in the close quarters and became useless when they...
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