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r corruption for the current and historical ranking of countries see list of countries by corruption perceptions index map of the corruption perceptions index 2025 as scored by transparency international a higher score indicates greater transparency i e less corruption the score ranges are less corrupt 90 100 80 89 70 79 60 69 50 59 more corrupt 40 49 30 39 20 29 10 19 0 9 no data political corruption forms and concepts abuse of power bribery censorship banned politics political repression political violence cronyism economics of corruption election interference electoral fraud elite capture influence peddling insider trading iron triangle judicial kickback kleptocracy in local government mafia state malfeasance misfeasance nepotism politically exposed person pyrrhic defeat theory revolving door political machine political scandal slush fund simony suspicious activity report state capture state corporate crime throffer anti corruption international anti corruption court group of states against corruption international anti corruption academy international anti corruption day united nations convention against corruption corruption by country africa algeria angola botswana burkina faso cameroon cape verde central african republic chad comoros côte d ivoire democratic republic of the congo egypt equatorial guinea eritrea ethiopia gambia ghana guinea bissau kenya lesotho liberia libya madagascar malawi mali mauritius morocco namibia niger nigeria rwanda senegal seychelles sierra leone somalia south africa south sudan sudan tanzania togo tunisia uganda zambia zimbabwe asia afghanistan armenia azerbaijan bahrain bangladesh bhutan brunei cambodia china cyprus georgia india indonesia iran iraq israel japan jordan kuwait kyrgyzstan kazakhstan lebanon malaysia maldives mongolia myanmar nepal north korea oman palestine pakistan philippines singapore south korea sri lanka syria taiwan tajikistan thailand timor leste turkey turkmenistan united arab emirates uzbekistan vietnam yemen europe albania andorra austria belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia czech republic denmark finland france germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kosovo latvia liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malta moldova monaco montenegro netherlands north macedonia northern ireland norway poland portugal romania russia san marino serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland ukraine united kingdom wales north america canada mexico united states central america costa rica cuba el salvador haiti honduras nicaragua south america argentina bolivia brazil chile colombia ecuador guyana paraguay peru suriname uruguay venezuela oceania australia fiji kiribati marshall islands micronesia nauru new zealand palau papua new guinea samoa tonga tuvalu v t e the corruption perceptions index cpi is an index published annually by transparency international a german registered association since 1995 1 it scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector 2 corruption as assessed by experts and business executives 3 the cpi generally defines corruption as an abuse of entrusted power for private gain 4 2 from 1995 to 2011 the index was scored on a scale of 10 to 0 since 2012 the corruption perceptions index has been ranked on a scale from 100 very clean to 0 highly corrupt of the 182 countries ranked in the 2025 cpi published in february 2026 the top scorers included denmark 89 finland 88 and singapore 84 while those perceived as the most corrupt included south sudan 9 somalia 9 and venezuela 10 5 although widely used as a key indicator of corruption the cpi does not capture all forms of corruption perceptions about corruption may differ from actual levels of corruption and the index focuses solely on the public sector for a more comprehensive picture the cpi should be used alongside other assessments 6 methods edit the cpi methodology revised in 2012 enables consistent comparison of corruption perceptions across countries and years it involves four stages selecting data sources rescaling them to a uniform 0 100 scale aggregating the results and estimating uncertainty 4 7 selection of source data edit the goal of the data selection is to capture expert and business leader assessments of various public sector corruption practices this includes bribery misuse of public funds abuse of public office for personal gain nepotism in civil service and state capture since 2012 cpi has taken into account 13 different surveys and assessments 7 from 12 different institutions 4 1 the institutions are african development bank based in ivory coast bertelsmann foundation based in germany economist intelligence unit based in the uk freedom house based in the us global insight based in the us international institute for management development based in switzerland political and economic risk consultancy based in hong kong the prs group inc based in the us world bank world economic forum world justice project based in the us countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the cpi 4 7 the cpi measures the perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption 8 transparency international commissioned the university of passau s johann graf lambsdorff to produce the cpi 9 early cpis used public opinion surveys 4 7 rescaling source data edit in order for all data to be aggregated into the cpi it is first necessary to carry out standardization during which all data points are converted to a scale of 0 100 here 0 represents the most corruption and 100 signifies the least indices originally measuring corruption inversely higher values for higher corruption are multiplied by 1 to align with the 0 100 scale in the next step the mean and standard deviation for each data source based on data from the baseline year are calculated the impute command of the stata statistical software package is used to replace missing values subsequently a standardized z score is calculated with an average centered around 0 and a standard deviation of 1 for each source from each country finally these scores are converted back to a 0 100 scale with a mean of approximately 45 and a standard deviation of 20 scores below 0 are set to 0 and scores exceeding 100 are capped at 100 this ensures consistent comparability across years since 2012 aggregating the rescaled data edit the resulting cpi score for each country is calculated as a simple average of all its rescaled scores that are available for the given country while at least three data sources must be available in order to calculate the index the imputed data is used only for standardization and is not used as a score to calculate the index reporting a measure for uncertainty edit the cpi score is accompanied by a standard error and confidence interval this reflects the variation present within the data sources used for a particular country or territory related phenomena and indices edit cpi and economic growth edit research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception as defined by the cpi the researchers found a correlation between a higher cpi and higher long term economic growth 10 as well as an increase in gdp growth of 1 7 for every unit increase in a country s cpi score 11 also shown was a power law dependence linking higher cpi score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country the research article the investigation of the relationship between corruption perception index and gdp in the case of the balkans 12 from 2020 confirms the positive co integration relationship in balkan countries between cpi and gdp and calculates the affecting rate of cpi gdp as 0 34 moreover the direction of causality between cpi and gdp was identified from cpi to gdp and according to this the hypothesis that cpi is the cause of gdp was accepted the working paper corruption and economic growth new empirical evidence 13 from 2019 emphasizes that many previous studies used the cpi for their analysis before 2012 when the index was difficult to compare over time and therefore may be biased at the same time it presents new empirical evidence based on data for 175 over the period 2012 2018 the results show that corruption is negatively associated with economic growth real per capita gdp decreased by around 17 in the long run when the reversed cpi increased by one standard deviation cpi and justice edit as reported by transparency international there is a correlation between the absence of discrimination and a better cpi score that indicates that in countries with high corruption equal treatment before the law is not guaranteed and there is more space for discrimination against specific groups 14 it seems that the country s justice system is an important protector of the country against corruption and conversely a high level of corruption can undermine the effectiveness of the justice system furthermore as noted by the united nations office on drugs and crime unodc justice systems around the world are overburdened with large caseloads chronically underfunded and in need of more financial and human resources to properly fulfill their mandates this in combination with increasing outside interference pressures and efforts to undermine judicial independence results in the inability of justice systems to control corruption the latest edition of the world justice project s rule of law index which shows that in the past year justice systems in most countries exhibited signs of deterioration including increasing delays and lower levels of accessibility and affordability also serves as evidence of the urgency of the situation conversely because corruption implies disproportionate favoring of some groups or individuals over others it prevents people from accessing justice for example a person may rely on personal contacts to change a statutory process as shown in the corruption perception index 2023 there is also a positive relationship between corruption and impunity countries with higher levels of corruption are less likely to sanction public officials for failing to adhere to existing rules and fulfill their responsibilities a positive relationship was also shown between corruption and access to justice 15 other phenomena and indices edit a georgetown university master s thesis the relationship between corruption and income inequality a crossnational study 16 published in 2013 investigates the connection between corruption and income inequality on a global scale the study s key finding is a robust positive association between income inequality measured by the gini coefficient and corruption measured by the cpi a study from 2001 17 shows that the more affected by corruption the worse a country s environmental performance measuring national environmental performance according to 67 variables the closest match is with the 2000 ti corruption perceptions index which revealed a 0 75 correlation with the ranking of environmental performance a 2022 study titled statistical analyses on the correlation of corruption perception index and some other indices in nigeria 18 investigated the relationship between the corruption perception index in nigeria and other relevant indices these other indices included the human development index hdi global peace index gpi and global hunger index ghi the result from the analysis carried out on the standardized data set shows that a positive linear relationship exists among all the variable considered except for cpi and gpi holding hdi and ghi constant which indicates a negative linear relationship between them a study investigating the relationship between public governance and the corruption perception index 19 found that aspects of public administration like voice and accountability political stability and rule of law significantly influence how corrupt a country is perceived to be this suggests that strong governance practices can be effective in reducing corruption criticism edit the cpi has received significant criticism related to its conceptual and methodological limitations and bias towards developed countries according to political scientist dan hough three flaws in the index include 20 corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score for instance the nature of corruption in rural kansas will be different from that in the city administration of new york yet the index measures them in the same way measuring perception of corruption rather than corruption itself may reinforce existing stereotypes and cliches the index only measures public sector corruption ignoring the private sector this for instance means the well publicized libor scandal odebrecht case and the volkswagen emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions while criticizing the index for its limited usefulness in measuring corruption hough says it helps to keep the fight against corruption on the agendas of policymakers and the global commentariat 20 he has added that the index is still generally regarded as a decent place to start and says the index results are not too dissimilar from other indexes of corruption and integrity such as the global corruption index the freedom from corruption index the index of public integrity and the world bank s index of quality of governance 21 22 media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance without clarifying what the numbers mean the local transparency international chapter in bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country s scores to increase media reported it as an improvement 23 in a 2013 foreign policy article alex cobham argues that the cpi reflects an elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and incentivizing inappropriate policy responses cobham writes the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it s hard to see a justification for its continuing publication 24 he noted that many of the staff and chapters at transparency international protest internally over concerns about the index the original creator of the index johann graf lambsdorff withdrew from work on the index in 2009 stating that he was no longer available for doing the corruption perceptions index 25 recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the cpi with other subjective indicators have found that while not perfect the cpi is argued to be broadly consistent with one dimensional measures of corruption 26 in the united states many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the cpi when attempting to measure the risk of foreign corrupt practices act violations in different nations this practice has been criticized by the minnesota journal of international law which wrote that since the cpi may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of 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