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ware of potential hostage transfers clarification needed with iran as well as the sale of hawk and tow missiles to what he was told were moderate elements within iran 97 notes taken by weinberger on 7 december 1985 record that reagan said that he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn t answer charge that big strong president reagan passed up a chance to free hostages 97 the republican written report of the congressional committees investigating the iran contra affair made the following conclusion there is some question and dispute about precisely the level at which he chose to follow the operation details there is no doubt however that the president set the us policy towards nicaragua with few if any ambiguities and then left subordinates more or less free to implement it 98 domestically the affair precipitated a drop in president reagan s popularity his approval ratings suffered the largest single drop for any u s president in history from 67 to 46 in november 1986 according to a new york times cbs news poll 99 the teflon president as reagan was nicknamed by critics 100 survived the affair however and his approval rating recovered 101 internationally the damage was more severe magnus ranstorp wrote u s willingness to engage in concessions with iran and the hezbollah not only signaled to its adversaries that hostage taking was an extremely useful instrument in extracting political and financial concessions for the west but also undermined any credibility of u s criticism of other states deviation from the principles of no negotiation and no concession to terrorists and their demands 102 in iran mehdi hashemi the leaker of the scandal was executed in 1987 allegedly for activities unrelated to the scandal though hashemi made a full video confession to numerous serious charges some observers find the coincidence of his leak and the subsequent prosecution highly suspicious 103 in 1994 just five years after leaving office president reagan announced that he had been diagnosed with alzheimer s disease 104 lawrence walsh who was appointed independent counsel in 1986 to investigate the transactions later implied reagan s declining health may have played a role in his handling of the situation however walsh did note that he believed president reagan s instincts for the country s good were right 105 unreliable source indictments edit oliver north s mugshot 106 after his arrest caspar weinberger secretary of defense was indicted on two counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice on 16 june 1992 107 however he was pardoned by george h w bush on 24 december 1992 before he could be tried 108 robert c mcfarlane national security adviser convicted of withholding evidence but after a plea bargain was given only two years of probation later pardoned by president george h w bush 109 elliott abrams assistant secretary of state convicted of withholding evidence but after a plea bargain was given only two years probation later pardoned by president george h w bush 110 alan d fiers chief of the cia s central american task force convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year probation later pardoned by president george h w bush clair george chief of covert ops cia convicted on two charges of perjury but pardoned by president george h w bush before sentencing 111 oliver north member of the national security council was indicted on 16 charges 112 a jury convicted him of accepting an illegal gratuity obstruction of a congressional inquiry and destruction of documents the convictions were overturned on appeal because his fifth amendment rights may have been violated by use of his immunized public testimony 113 and because the judge had incorrectly explained the crime of destruction of documents to the jury 114 fawn hall oliver north s secretary was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony 115 jonathan scott royster liaison to oliver north was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for his testimony 116 national security advisor john poindexter was convicted of five counts of conspiracy obstruction of justice perjury defrauding the government and the alteration and destruction of evidence a panel of the d c circuit overturned the convictions on 15 november 1991 for the same reason the court had overturned oliver north s and by the same 2 to 1 vote 117 the supreme court refused to hear the case 118 duane clarridge an ex cia senior official he was indicted in november 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a november 1985 shipment to iran he was pardoned before trial by president george h w bush 119 120 richard v secord a former air force major general who was involved in arms transfers to iran and diversion of funds to contras he pleaded guilty in november 1989 to making false statements to congress and was sentenced to two years of probation as part of his plea bargain secord agreed to provide further truthful testimony in exchange for the dismissal of remaining criminal charges against him 121 17 albert hakim a businessman he pleaded guilty in november 1989 to supplementing the salary of north by buying a 13 800 fence for north with money from the enterprise which was a set of foreign companies hakim used in iran contra in addition swiss company lake resources inc used for storing money from arms sales to iran to give to the contras pled guilty to stealing government property 122 hakim was given two years of probation and a 5 000 fine while lake resources inc was ordered to dissolve 121 123 thomas g clines a former cia clandestine service officer according to special prosecutor walsh he earned nearly 883 000 helping retired air force maj gen richard v secord and albert hakim carry out the secret operations of the enterprise he was indicted for concealing the full amount of his enterprise profits for the 1985 and 1986 tax years and for failing to declare his foreign financial accounts he was convicted and served 16 months in prison the only iran contra defendant to have served a prison sentence 124 the independent counsel lawrence e walsh chose not to re try north or poindexter 125 in total several dozen people were investigated by walsh s office 126 george h w bush s involvement edit on 27 july 1986 israeli counterterrorism expert amiram nir briefed vice president bush in jerusalem about the weapon sales to iran 127 in an interview with the washington post in august 1987 bush stated that he was denied information about the operation and did not know about the diversion of funds 128 bush said that he had not advised reagan to reject the initiative because he had not heard strong objections to it 128 the post quoted him as stating we were not in the loop 128 the following month bush recounted meeting nir in his september 1987 autobiography looking forward stating that he began to develop misgivings about the iran initiative 129 he wrote that he did not learn the full extent of the iran dealings until he was briefed by senator david durenberger regarding a senate inquiry into them 129 bush added the briefing with durenberger left him with the feeling he had been deliberately excluded from key meetings involving details of the iran operation 129 in january 1988 during a live interview with bush on cbs evening news dan rather told bush that his unwillingness to speak about the scandal led people to say either george bush was irrelevant or he was ineffective he set himself outside of the loop 130 bush replied may i explain what i mean by out of the loop no operational role 130 131 although bush publicly insisted that he knew little about the operation his statements were contradicted by excerpts of his diary released by the white house in january 1993 130 132 an entry dated 5 november 1986 stated on the news at this time is the question of the hostages i m one of the few people that know fully the details and there is a lot of flak and misinformation out there it is not a subject we can talk about 130 132 international involvement edit following the iran contra affair in 1987 covert military assistance from taiwan to the contras was exposed with reports indicating that ku cheng kang the co founder and chairman of world league for freedom and democracy played a key role in facilitating the aid the taiwanese ministry of foreign affairs later confirmed these activities 133 134 pardons edit on 24 december 1992 after he had been defeated for reelection by bill clinton president george h w bush pardoned five administration officials who had been found guilty on charges relating to the affair 135 136 they were elliott abrams duane clarridge alan fiers clair george and robert mcfarlane bush also pardoned caspar weinberger who had not yet come to trial 137 attorney general william p barr advised the president on these pardons especially that of caspar weinberger 138 in response to these bush pardons independent counsel lawrence e walsh who headed the investigation of reagan administration officials criminal conduct in the iran contra scandal stated that the iran contra cover up which has continued for more than six years has now been completed walsh noted that in issuing the pardons bush appears to have been preempting being implicated himself in the crimes of iran contra by evidence that was to come to light during the weinberger trial and noted that there was a pattern of deception and obstruction by bush weinberger and other senior reagan administration officials 125 12 13 modern interpretations edit the iran contra affair and the ensuing deception to protect senior administration officials including president reagan was cast as an example of post truth politics by malcolm byrne of george washington university 139 reports and documents edit the 100th congress formed a joint committee of the united states congress congressional committees investigating the iran contra affair and held hearings in mid 1987 transcripts were published as iran contra investigation joint hearings before the senate select committee on secret military assistance to iran and the nicaraguan opposition and the house select committee to investigate covert arms transactions with iran u s gpo 1987 88 a closed executive session heard classified testimony from north and poindexter this transcript was published in a redacted format the joint committee s final report was report of the congressional committees investigating the iran contra affair with supplemental minority and additional views u s gpo 17 november 1987 the records of the committee are at the national archives but many are still non public 140 testimony was also heard before the house foreign affairs committee house permanent select committee on intelligence and senate select committee on intelligence and can be found in the congressional record for those bodies the senate intelligence committee produced two reports preliminary inquiry into the sale of arms to iran and possible diversion of funds to the nicaraguan resistance 2 february 1987 and were relevant documents withheld from the congressional committees investigating the iran contra affair june 1989 141 the tower commission report was published as the report of the president s special review board u s gpo 26 february 1987 it was also published as the tower commission report by bantam books isbn 0 553 26968 2 the office of independent counsel walsh investigation produced four interim reports to congress its final report was published as the final report of the independent counsel for iran contra matters walsh s records are available at the national archives 142 see also edit 1980s portal israel united states relations israel s role in the iran iraq war timeline of the iran contra affair brokers of death arms case cia involvement in contra cocaine trafficking congressional committees investigating the iran contra affair iran iraq relations iran israel relations iran united states relations iraq israel relations iraq united states relations latin america united states relations list of federal political scandals in the united states william northrop 1980 october surprise theory operation tipped kettle the transfer of plo weapons which were seized by israel in lebanon to the contras united states and state sponsored terrorism united states foreign policy in the middle east united states involvement in regime change in latin america footnotes edit iran contra affair 2026 h amdt 974 to h r 7355 97th congress 1981 1982 www congress gov retrieved 9 july 2025 1 2 3 reagan s mixed white house legacy bbc 6 june 2004 archived from the original on 9 february 2011 retrieved 22 april 2008 1 2 butterfield fox 27 november 1988 arms for hostages plain and simple the new york times national ed sec 7 p 10 retrieved 29 december 2018 abshire david 2005 saving the reagan presidency trust is the coin of the realm texas a m university press isbn 9781603446204 archived from the original on 11 april 2023 retrieved 19 march 2023 valentine douglas 2008 reagan bush gorbachev revisiting the end of the cold war praeger security international isbn 9780313352416 archived from the original on 5 april 2023 retrieved 19 march 2023 the iran contra affair levin center for oversight and democracy levin center for oversight and democracy retrieved 9 july 2025 1 2 reagan ronald 13 november 1986 address to the nation on the iran arms and contra aid controversy ronald reagan presidential foundation archived from the original on 6 march 2016 retrieved 7 june 2008 excerpts from the iran contra report a secret foreign policy the new york times 1994 archived from the original on 10 april 2009 retrieved 7 june 2008 reagan ronald 4 march 1987 address to the nation on the iran arms and contra aid controversy ronald reagan presidential foundation archived from the original on 3 october 2014 retrieved 7 june 2008 dwyer paula pointing a finger at reagan business week archived from the original on 16 april 2008 retrieved 22 april 2008 1 2 pardons granted by president george h w bush 1989 1993 u s department of justice 12 january 2015 archived from the original on 23 december 2020 retrieved 22 december 2020 1 2 3 walsh lawrence e 1997 firewall the iran contra conspiracy and cover up new york w w norton company p 290 walsh 1993 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 kornbluh byrne 1993 p 213 1 2 3 4 5 hicks 1996 p 965 1 2 johnston david 9 november 1989 secord is guilty of one charge in contra affair the new york times national ed sec a p 24 archived from the original on 18 november 2018 retrieved 19 july 2011 corn david 2 july 1988 is there really a secret team the nation 1 2 hicks 1996 p 966 1 2 hicks 1996 p 964 hicks 1996 pp 966 967 lemoyne james 19 october 1986 ortega faulting reagan warns of coming war the new york times national ed sec 1 p 6 archived from the original on 19 july 2018 retrieved 15 november 2018 payton brenda 4 april 1988 is u s backing c...
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