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n abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform the java net and java io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native os code then provide a standard interface for the java applications to perform those tasks finally when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a java application expects the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components either by emulation to provide a substitute or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature languages edit see also list of jvm languages and jvm programming languages the word java alone usually refers to java programming language that was designed for use with the java platform programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase platform although the java programming language was listed as a core part of the java platform before java 7 the language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit however an effort was made with the java 7 specification to more clearly treat the java language and the java virtual machine as separate entities so that they are no longer considered a single unit 37 third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the jvm some of these are for existing languages while others are for extensions to the java language these include beanshell a lightweight scripting language for java 38 see also jshell ceylon an object oriented strongly and statically typed programming language with an emphasis on immutability and is no longer maintained since 2023 clojure a modern dynamic and functional dialect of the lisp language on the java platform gosu a general purpose jvm based programming language released under the apache license 2 0 groovy a fully java interoperable java syntax compatible static and dynamic language with features from python ruby perl and smalltalk jruby a ruby interpreter jython a python interpreter kotlin a language for a jvm and non jvm for e g desktop and ios with full java interoperability google s preferred language for android its jvm over java which is also still supported there and it previously promoted rhino a javascript interpreter scala a multi paradigm programming language with non java compatible syntax designed as a better java similar platforms edit see also comparison of c and java the success of java and its write once run anywhere concept has led to other similar efforts notably the net framework appearing since 2002 which incorporates many of the successful aspects of java net was built from the ground up to support multiple programming languages while the java platform was initially built to support only the java language although many other languages have been made for jvm since like java net languages compile to byte code and are executed by the common language runtime clr which is similar in purpose to the jvm like the jvm the clr provides memory management through automatic garbage collection and allows net byte code to run on multiple operating systems net included a java like language first named j then called visual j that was incompatible with the java specification it was discontinued 2007 and support for it ended in 2015 performance edit main article java performance the jvm specification gives a lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details since java 1 3 jre from oracle contains a jvm called hotspot it has been designed to be a high performance jvm to speed up code execution hotspot relies on just in time compilation to speed up object allocation and garbage collection hotspot uses generational heap generational heap edit the java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by the jvm for dynamic memory allocation 39 in hotspot the heap is divided into generations the young generation stores short lived objects that are created and immediately garbage collected objects that persist longer are moved to the old generation also called the tenured generation this memory is subdivided into two survivors spaces where the objects that survived the first and next garbage collections are stored the permanent generation or permgen was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to java 8 permanent generation was not part of the heap 40 41 the permanent generation was removed from java 8 42 originally there was no permanent generation and objects and classes were stored together in the same area but as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements 40 security edit the java jre is installed on a large number of computers end users with an out of date version of jre therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks this led to the widely shared belief that java is inherently insecure 43 since java 1 7 oracle s jre for windows includes automatic update functionality before the discontinuation of the java browser plug in any web page might have potentially run a java applet which provided an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites in 2013 kaspersky labs reported that the java plug in was the method of choice for computer criminals java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites 44 java applets were removed in java 11 released on september 25 2018 java versions edit main article java version history java version year changes 26 2026 a general non lts release 25 2025 a long term support lts release 21 2023 a long term support lts release 17 2021 an lts release has several enhancements provides pattern matching for switch statements and sealed classes 16 2021 introduced record classes pattern matching and sealed classes for enhanced data modelling abilities 15 2020 introduced text blocks sealed classes as preview features enhancing string and class handling 14 2020 introduced new features record classes and pattern matching for instanceof as preview features 13 2019 included enhancements text blocks reimplementation of legacy socket api 12 2019 introduced switch expressions new shenandoah garbage collector 11 2018 an lts release introduced new http client removed java ee and corba modules 10 2018 introduced local variable type inference var allows declaring local variables without specifying type 9 2017 introduced java platform module system jpms for modularizing applications jshell interactive java repl 8 2014 major release introduced lambda expressions new date and time api for better productivity 7 2011 introduced try with resources switch on string diamond operator included expanded exception handling new file i o library nio 2 6 2006 introduced scripting language support jsr 223 web service enhancements provided jdbc 4 0 with sql xml support 5 2004 significant release included generics an enhanced for loop autoboxing unboxing static import varargs enumerations annotations 4 2002 introduced regular expressions exception chaining new set of i o apis named nio new input output new logging api 3 2000 included new sun jvm named hotspot introduced java naming and directory interface jndi java platform debugger architecture jpda 2 1998 introduced collections framework java string memory map for constants a just in time jit compiler and swing api for guis 1 1 1997 introduced inner classes reflection java beans jdbc api for database access 1 0 1996 first version of java programming language introduced object oriented programming and bytecode in java which made java cross platform history edit james gosling java began as an internal project at sun microsystems in december 1990 providing an alternative to the c c programming languages engineer patrick naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of sun s c and c application programming interfaces apis and tools as well as with the way the news project was handled by the organization naughton informed scott mcnealy about his plan of leaving sun and moving to next mcnealy asked him to pretend he was god and send him an e mail explaining how to fix the company naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other sun projects mcnealy forwarded the message to other important people at sun and the stealth project started 45 the stealth project was soon renamed to the green project with james gosling and mike sheridan joining naughton together with other engineers they began work in a small office on sand hill road in menlo park california they aimed to develop new technology for programming next generation smart appliances which sun expected to offer major new opportunities 46 the team originally considered using c but rejected it for several reasons because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources they decided that c needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors the language s lack of garbage collection meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory a challenging and error prone task the team also worried about the c language s lack of portable facilities for security distributed programming and threading finally they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices bill joy had envisioned a new language combining mesa and c in a paper called further he proposed to sun that its engineers should produce an object oriented environment based on c initially gosling attempted to modify and extend c a proposed development that he referred to as c but soon abandoned that in favor of creating a new language which he called oak after the tree that stood just outside his office 47 by the summer of 1992 the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform including the green os the oak language the libraries and the hardware their first demonstration on september 3 1992 focused on building a personal digital assistant pda device named star7 that had a graphical interface and a smart agent called duke to assist the user in november of that year the green project was spun off to become firstperson a wholly owned subsidiary of sun microsystems and the team relocated to palo alto california 48 the firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices and when time warner issued a request for proposal rfp for a set top box firstperson changed their target and responded with a proposal for a set top box platform however the cable industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user so firstperson lost their bid to sgi an additional deal with the 3do company for a set top box also failed to materialize unable to generate interest within the television industry the company was rolled back into sun java meets the web edit john gage in june and july 1994 after three days of brainstorming with john gage the director of science for sun gosling joy naughton wayne rosing and eric schmidt the team re targeted the platform for the world wide web they felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like mosaic the internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable tv as a prototype naughton wrote a small browser webrunner named after the movie blade runner renamed hotjava 46 in 1995 sun renamed the oak language to java after a trademark search revealed that oak technology used the name oak 49 sun priced java licenses below cost to gain market share 50 although java 1 0a became available for download in 1994 the first public release of java java 1 0a2 with the hotjava browser came on may 23 1995 announced by gage at the sunworld conference accompanying gage s announcement marc andreessen executive vice president of netscape communications corporation unexpectedly announced that netscape browsers would include java support on january 9 1996 sun microsystems formed the javasoft group to develop the technology 51 while the so called java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of java with it e g more used server side or the most popular way to run code client side javascript took over as more popular it still is possible to run java or other jvm languages such as kotlin in web browsers even after jvm support has been dropped from them using e g teavm gnu general public license edit on november 13 2006 sun microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of java available under the gnu general public license gpl 52 53 version history edit main article java version history the java language has undergone several changes since the release of jdk java development kit 1 0 on january 23 1996 as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library since j2se 1 4 the java community process jcp has governed the evolution of the java language the jcp uses java specification requests jsrs to propose and specify additions and changes to the java platform the java language specification jls specifies the language changes to the jls are managed under jsr 901 54 sun released jdk 1 1 on february 19 1997 major additions included an extensive retooling of the abstract window toolkit awt event model inner classes added to the language javabeans and java database connectivity jdbc j2se 1 2 december 8 1998 codename playground this and subsequent releases through j2se 5 0 were rebranded java 2 and the version name j2se java 2 platform standard edition replaced jdk to distinguish the base platform from j2ee java 2 platform enterprise edition and j2me java 2 platform micro edition major additions included reflection a collections framework java idl an interface description language implementation for corba interoperability and the integration of the swing graphical api into the core classes a java plug in was released since then web browser vendors have removed support for and it s now deprecated for removal of java codebase and will be removed by java 26 in 2026 55 and sun s jvm was equipped with a jit compiler for the first time j2se 1 3 may 8 2000 codename kestrel notable changes included the bundling of the hotspot jvm the hotspot jvm was first released in april 1999 for the j2se 1 2 jvm javasound java naming and directory interface jndi and java platform debugger architecture jpda j2se 1 4 february 6 2002 codename merlin this became the first release of the java platform developed under the java community process as jsr 59 56 major changes included regular expressions modeled after perl exception chaining an integrated xml parser and xslt processor jaxp and java web start j2se 5 0 september 30 2004 codename tiger it was originally numbered 1 5 which is still used as the internal version number 57 developed under jsr 176 tiger added several significant new language features including the for each loop generics autoboxing and var args 5...
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