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magnetic and acoustic sensors and wired together so that one explosion would trigger the rest was simply left undisturbed for years until corrosion would hopefully disable the mines 101 mine running edit seehund rovs of the german navy used for minesweeping a more drastic method is simply to run a ship through the minefield letting other ships safely follow the same path an early example of this was farragut s actions at mobile bay during the american civil war however as mine warfare became more developed this method became uneconomical this method was revived by the german imperial german navy during world war i left with a surfeit of idle ships due to the allied blockade the germans introduced a ship known as sperrbrecher block breaker the type was also used during world war ii typically an old cargo ship loaded with cargo that made her less vulnerable to sinking wood for example the sperrbrecher was run ahead of the ship to be protected detonating any mines that might be in their path the use of sperrbrecher obviated the need to continuous and painstaking sweeping but the cost was high over half the 100 or so ships used as sperrbrecher in wwii were sunk during the war alternatively a shallow draught vessel can be steamed through the minefield at high speed to generate a pressure wave sufficient to trigger mines with the minesweeper moving fast enough to be sufficiently clear of the pressure wave so that triggered mines do not destroy the ship itself these techniques are the only way to sweep pressure mines that is publicly known to be employed the technique can be simply countered by use of a ship counter set to allow a certain number of passes before the mine is actually triggered modern doctrine calls for ground mines to be hunted rather than swept a new system is being introduced for sweeping pressure mines however counters are going to remain a problem 102 103 an updated form of this method is the use of small unmanned rovs such as the seehund drone that simulate the acoustic and magnetic signatures of larger ships and are built to survive exploding mines repeated sweeps would be required in case one or more of the mines had its ship counter facility enabled i e were programmed to ignore the first 2 3 or even 6 target activations counter mining edit another expedient for clearing mines especially in a hurry is counter mining by this method an explosive is detonated in the area of a known or suspected minefield and the blast either trips off the fuzes or the actual explosive contained within the mine or mines this latter is known as a sympathetic detonation counter mining is normally used as a last resort or if other equipment is not available one example was at the entrance to grand harbour valletta malta in ww2 when the british dropped depth charges into the harbour entrance to detonate suspected mines prior to the arrival of an important convoy it is especially useful against acoustic or pressure mines due to their activation by sound or increases in water pressure national arsenals edit us mines edit the united states navy mk56 asw mine the oldest still in use by the united states was developed in 1966 more advanced mines include the mk60 captor short for encapsulated torpedo the mk62 and mk63 quickstrike and the mk67 slmm submarine launched mobile mine today most us naval mines are delivered by aircraft mk67 slmm submarine launched mobile mine the slmm was developed by the united states as a submarine deployed mine for use in areas inaccessible for other mine deployment techniques or for covert mining of hostile environments the slmm is a shallow water mine and is basically a modified mark 37 torpedo general characteristics type submarine laid bottom mine detection system magnetic seismic pressure target detection devices tdds dimensions 0 485 by 4 09 m 19 1 by 161 0 in depth range shallow water weight 754 kg 1 662 lb explosives 230 kg 510 lb high explosive date deployed 1987 mk 62 quick strike deployed from a p 3 orion mk65 quickstrike the quickstrike 104 is a family of shallow water aircraft laid mines used by the united states primarily against surface craft the mk65 is a 910 kg 2 000 lb dedicated purpose built mine however other quickstrike versions mk62 mk63 and mk64 are converted general purpose bombs these latter three mines are actually a single type of electronic fuze fitted to mk82 mk83 and mk84 air dropped bombs because this latter type of quickstrike fuze only takes up a small amount of storage space compared to a dedicated sea mine the air dropped bomb casings have dual purpose i e can be fitted with conventional contact fuzes and dropped on land targets or have a quickstrike fuze fitted which converts them into sea mines general characteristics type aircraft laid bottom mine with descent to water slowed by a parachute or other mechanism detection system magnetic seismic pressure target detection devices tdds dimensions 0 74 by 3 25 m 29 by 128 in depth range shallow water weight 1 086 kg 2 394 lb explosives various loads date deployed 1983 mk56 general characteristics type aircraft laid moored mine detection system total field magnetic exploder dimensions 0 570 by 2 9 m 22 4 by 114 2 in citation needed depth range moderate depths weight 909 kg 2 004 lb explosives 164 kg 362 lb hbx 3 date deployed 1966 royal navy edit according to a statement made to the uk parliament in 2002 105 the royal navy does not have any mine stocks and has not had since 1992 notwithstanding this the united kingdom retains the capability to lay mines and continues research into mine exploitation practice mines used for exercises continue to be laid in order to retain the necessary skills however a british company bae systems does manufacture the stonefish influence mine for export to friendly countries such as australia which has both war stock and training versions of stonefish 106 unreliable source in addition to stocks of smaller italian mn103 manta mines 65 the computerised fuze on a stonefish mine contains acoustic magnetic and water pressure displacement target detection sensors stonefish can be deployed by fixed wing aircraft helicopters surface vessels and submarines an optional kit is available to allow stonefish to be air dropped comprising an aerodynamic tail fin section and parachute pack to retard the weapon s descent the operating depth of stonefish ranges between 30 and 200 metres the mine weighs 990 kilograms and contains a 600 kilogram aluminised pbx explosive warhead modern mine warfare edit mine warfare remains the most cost effective form of asymmetrical naval warfare mines are relatively cheap and being small allows them to be easily deployed indeed with some kinds of mines trucks and rafts will suffice at present there are more than 300 different mines available some 50 countries currently have mining ability the number of naval mine producing countries has increased by 75 since 1988 it is also noted that these mines are of an increasing sophistication while even the older type mines present a significant problem it has been noted that mine warfare may become an issue with terrorist organizations mining busy shipping straits and mining shipping harbours remain some of the most serious threats 91 9 see also edit bomb disposal hmhs britannic corfu channel case land mine minesweeper minelayer destroyer minesweeper wwii royal navy s admiralty mining establishment pinfire cartridge firearm cartridge with similar impact prone vulnerability to a hertz horn royal naval patrol service shock factor mine planter vessel singer naval mine submarine mines in united states harbor defense stonefish influence mine operation pocket money aerial mining campaign against north vietnam in 1972 george gosse references edit notes edit farragut s actual wording has been recorded as damn the torpedoes four bells captain drayton go ahead jouett full speed citations edit mcdonald wesley 1985 mine warfare a pillar of maritime strategy proceedings 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