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ar celia and he got on very well and met again several times in london one evening just five weeks after their first meeting he sent her a passionate letter full of tender feeling and rather clumsily proposing either marriage or an affair it ended good night my dearest love george celia gently refused him in what she later described as a rather ambiguous letter but they remained close friends a year later she went to work for an intellectual review in paris dearest celia he now wrote from the cotswold sanatorium on february 13 how delight ful to get your letter and know that you are in england again i will send you a copy of my new book i e 1984 when it comes out about june i think but i don t think you ll like it it s an awful book really saying he hoped to see her some time perhaps in the summer he signed off with much love george sooner than expected on march 29 celia came to visit him in glouces tershire but she also came with a mission she was working for this new department of the foreign office trying to counter the assault waves of communist propaganda emanating from stalin s recently founded comin form could he help as she recorded in her official memorandum of their meeting orwell expressed his whole hearted and enthusiastic approval of our aims he couldn t write anything for ird himself he said because he was too ill and didn t like to write on commission but he suggested several people who might on april 6 he followed up with a letter in his neat rather delicate handwriting suggesting a few more names and offering his list of those who should not be trusted as propagandists but for that i shall have to send for a notebook which i have at home and if i do give you such a list it is strictly confidential as i imagine it is libellous to describe somebody as a fellow traveller celia circulated the letter to her superior adam watson who made some comments then added p s mrs kirwan should certainly ask mr orwell for the list of crypto communists she would treat it with every confidence and send it back after a day or two i hope the list gives reasons in each case mrs kirwan did as she was asked writing from foreign office 17 carlton house terrace on april 30 dear george thank you so much for your helpful suggestions my department were very interested to see them they have asked me to say that they would be very grateful if you could let us look at your list of fellow travelling and crypto journalists we would treat it with the utmost discretion her letter at least in the typewritten version contained in file fo 1110 189 has a cooler ending than his yours ever celia meanwhile orwell asked his old friend richard rees to send him the notebook from the remote house on the scottish island of jura where he had written 1984 thanking him for it on april 17 he writes cole i e the historian g d h cole i think should probably not be on the list but i would be less certain of him than of laski in case of a war the whole business is very tricky and one can never do more than use one s judgement and treat each case individually so we must imagine orwell lying in his sanatorium bed gaunt and wretched going through the notebook perhaps adding a blue question mark to the red asterisk and black cross hatching on priestley wondering how cole or laski crossman or spender would behave in the event of a real shooting war with the soviet union and which of the 135 names to pass on to celia on receiving her note he wrote back at once enclosing his list of thirty eight it isn t very sensational and i don t suppose it will tell your friends anything they don t know note the reference to your friends orwell had no illusion that this was just going to her at the same time it isn t a bad idea to have the people who are probably unreliable listed if it had been done earlier it would have stopped people like peter smollett worming their way into important propaganda jobs where they were probably able to do us a lot of harm even as it stands i imagine that this list is very libellous or slanderous or whatever the term is so will you please see that it is returned to me without fail the letter was signed with love george on the same day he wrote again to richard rees suppose for example that laski had possession of an important military secret would he betray it to the russian military intelligence i don t imagine so because he has not actually made up his mind to be a traitor the nature of what he was doing would in that case be quite clear but a real communist would of course hand the secret over without any sense of guilt so would a real crypto such as pritt the mp d n pritt the whole difficulty is to decide where each person stands one has to treat each case individually 2 at this point maddeningly the paper trail goes cold we know that celia kirwan was supposed to come to see orwell on the next sunday and that he thanked her on may 13 for sending a bottle of brandy did she return the list if she went to visit him again having had the copy now in file fo 1110 189 typed up in the department what did they say at that meeting if it took place what happened next were these names handed on to any other department the file itself shows no further action taken with respect to the names listed in his letter to me announcing the release of the original the foreign secretary writes a check of our records confirms that the list is the only document about orwell s contacts with ird that has been withheld but a good many other ird files have been withheld and parts of released documents blanked out on the grounds that they contain intelligence related matter and are therefore covered by what foreign office archivists call the blanket anyway only part of the truth is ever contained in files a serious answer to these questions requires a judgment on the nature of this mysterious department the ird i have therefore immersed myself in the published literature about it and read some of the files that have been released to the public record office 2 i have also talked to several former members of the department at that time they include adam watson the official who instructed celia kirwan to ask orwell for his list robert conquest the veteran chronicler of soviet terror who subsequently shared an office with celia kirwan and himself fell madly in love with her and the aptly named john cloake the picture that emerges is of an ill defined outfit with a very diverse group of people fumbling their way from the recently finished war against fascist totalitarianism in which most of them had fought into the new cold war against the communist totalitarianism of britain s recent wartime ally ird was a semisecret department unlike the secret intelligence service popularly known as mi6 whose very existence was denied by the government ird appeared in the lists of foreign office departments but not all its officers were identified there much of its funding came from the secret vote a governmental appropriation used to fund the secret services and not subject to the usual forms of parliamentary scrutiny an internal foreign office description from 1951 says flatly it should be noted that the name of this department is intended as a disguise for the true nature of its work which must remain strictly confidential 3 in the beginning that true nature was mainly to collect and summarize reliable information about soviet and communist misdoings to disseminate it to friendly journalists politicians and trade unionists and to support financially and otherwise anticommunist publications the department was established by the labour foreign secretary ernest bevin and it was particularly interested in authors with good credentials on the left bertrand russell for example wrote three short books whose publication was subsidized by the ird why communism must fail what is freedom and what is democracy according to ird veterans some authors like russell knew perfectly well that the publisher background books who approached them to write a book was backed by this semisecret department of the foreign office others such as the philosopher bryan magee who contributed the democratic revolution were outraged when they subsequently learned the source of the publisher s funds the pattern is familiar from other well known episodes of the cultural cold war such as the cia funding for encounter the better known of these authors would obviously have been published anyway but ird helped to give their work a wider circulation especially in foreign countries that were already under communism or seen as threatened by it in orwell s case it supported burmese chinese and arabic editions of his animal farm commissioned a rather crude strip cartoon version of the same book giving the pig major a lenin beard and the pig napoleon a stalin moustache in case simple minded readers didn t get the point and organized showings in backward areas of the british commonwealth of a cia financed and politically distorted animated film of animal farm the department also established a close working relationship with the overseas services of the bbc in one file that i have read ird officials tried to press sir ian jacob then head of the bbc s european service to adopt its recommendations for the choice of words to describe the soviet state 4 one choice example police state another useful phrase which underlines this sometimes overlooked but essential aspect of the system in this case the bbc resisted the pressure and the foreign office official overseeing ird told his subordinates to back off however it seems that some ird operatives did not stop with these relatively mild means of what ernest bevin called anti communist publicity using methods they had learned in the previous war working for the political warfare executive or for mi6 they apparently tried to combat what they saw as communist infiltration of the trade unions the bbc or organizations like the national council for civil liberties by identifying members who were or were alleged to be communists by spreading dark rumors about their activities and perhaps worse so we must imagine robert conquest sitting in one room at carlton house terrace scrupulously gathering and sifting information about east european politics in another office a former member of the world war ii political warfare executive or of mi6 might be preparing some slightly less scrupulous operation next door you could meet the charming professional diplomat guy burgess who worked in ird for three months and being a soviet agent told his controllers in moscow all about it down the corridor though only beginning in 1952 sat a young woman called fay the novelist fay weldon later recalled that when a visitor came from mi6 she and her colleagues would be told turn your backs so this james bond figure could walk down the corridor unseen watch the wall my darling while the gentlemen go by but they peeked as the cold war intensified the white propaganda of the early years seems to have been increasingly supplemented with gray and black by the late 1950s according to someone who worked for british intelligence agencies at that time ird had a reputation as the dirty tricks department of the foreign office indulging in character assassination false telegrams putting itching powder on lavatory seats and other such cold war pranks little of which will be found in the files even if the intelligence related ones are finally released all the survivors insist that it is most unlikely that any names supplied by orwell in 1949 would have been passed on to anyone else and especially not to mi5 britain s domestic security service or mi6 in charge of foreign intelligence in all honesty adam watson told me i cannot remember any case in which we said to mi5 or mi6 did you realize that x says so and so is a crypto communist however as mr watson himself cautioned me old men forget clearly no one can ever know exactly what say the head of the department ralph murray might have muttered to a friend from mi6 over a brandy at the travellers club just around the corner from carlton house terrace celia kirwan always strongly defended orwell s contribution to the work of ird in the 1990s there was fevered speculation about his list the marxist historian christopher hill said i always knew he was two faced the labour mp gerald kaufman wrote in the evening standard that orwell was a big brother too celia kirwan insisted i think george was quite right to do it and of course everybody thinks that these people were going to be shot at dawn the only thing that was going to happen to them was that they wouldn t be asked to write for the information research department some writers today suggest the ird s anticommunist activities were britain s equivalent of the mccarthyite witch hunt if so then one is struck by how mild it was by comparison with the american mccarthyism which prompted arthur miller to write the crucible and charlie chaplin to flee back to orwell s britain consider who some of the people on the list were and what happened to them peter smollett was singled out by orwell for special mention in his covering letter to celia under remarks on his list orwell noted gives strong impression of being some kind of russian agent very slimy person born in vienna as peter smolka during world war ii smollett was the head of the soviet section in the british ministry of information one of orwell s inspirations for the ministry of truth we now know two more things about him first according to the mitrokhin archive of kgb documents smollett smolka actually was a soviet agent recruited by kim philby with the codename abo second he was almost certainly the official on whose advice the publisher jonathan cape turned down animal farm as an unhealthily anti soviet text how then did the british state prosecute or persecute this soviet agent by making him an officer of the british empire obe subsequently he was the london times correspondent in central europe the worst thing that seems to have happened to him is that some of his short stories about postwar vienna were heavily drawn upon by graham greene for the third man in the film he makes an insider joke phantom appearance as what the viewer must assume is the name of a bar or nightclub called smolka the labour mp tom driberg usually named as crypto but in my opinion not reliably pro cp was according to the mitrokhin kgb papers recruited in 1956 as a doubtless deeply unreliable soviet agent codename lepage after a compromising homosexual encounter with an agent of the kgb s second chief directorate in a lavatory under the metropole hotel in moscow nonetheless he ended his life as a celebrated writer and lord bradwell of bradwell juxta mare e h carr isaac deutscher the novelist naomi mitchison a silly sympathiser and j b priestley all pursued very successful careers without so far as we know any hindrance from the british government michael redgrave went on ironically 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