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merican southwest the experiment failed their stubbornness and aggressiveness made them unpopular among soldiers and they frightened horses many of the camels were sold to private owners others escaped into the desert these feral camels continued to be sighted through the early 20th century with the last reported sighting in 1941 near douglas texas 4 british columbia canada main article cariboo camels camels were used from 1862 to 1863 in british columbia canada during the cariboo gold rush 5 camel caravan organization edit while organization of camel caravans varied over time and the territory traversed owen lattimore s account of caravan life in northern china in the 1920s gives a good idea of what camel transport is like in his desert road to turkestan he describes mostly camel caravans run by han chinese and hui firms from eastern china hohhot baotou or xinjiang qitai then called gucheng barkol plying the routes connecting those two regions through the gobi desert by way of inner or before mongolia s independence outer mongolia before outer mongolia s effective independence of china circa 1920 the same firms also ran caravans into urga uliassutai and other centers of outer mongolia and to the russian border at kyakhta but with the creation of an international border those routes came into decline less important caravan routes served various other areas of northern china such as most centers in today s gansu ningxia and northern qinghai some of the oldest hohhot based caravan firms had a history dating to the early qing dynasty 2 camels edit a modern sculptor s depiction of the head of a caravan approaching beijing complete with a camel puller and a mounted caravan master head cook or xiansheng riding next to him in the deserts of mongolia one would not see a dignitary in a sedan chair travelling along nor would a baby camel accompany its mother 6 caravans originating from both ends of the hohhot gucheng route were composed of two humped bactrian camels suitable for the climate on the area although very occasionally one could see single humped dromedaries brought to this route by uighur turki in lattimore s parlance caravan people from hami 7 a caravan would be normally composed of a number of files chinese 连 lian of up to 18 camels each each of the rank and file caravan men known as the camel pullers chinese 拉骆驼的 la luotuo de was in charge of one such file on the march the camel puller s job was to lead the first camel of his file by a rope tied to a peg attached to its nose each of the other camels of the file being led by means of similar rope by the camel in front of it two files lian formed a ba and the camel pullers of the two files would help each other when loading cargo on the camels at the beginning of each day s march or unloading it when halted to do their job properly camel pullers had to be experts on camels as lattimore comments because there is no good doctoring known for him a camel when he is sick they must learn how to keep him well taking care of camels health included the ability to find the best available grazing for them and keeping them away from poisonous plants knowledge of when one should not allow a camel to drink too much water how to park camels for the night allowing them to obtain the best possible shelter from wind blown snow in winter how to properly distribute the load to prevent it from hurting the animal and how to treat minor injuries of the camels such as blisters or pack sores 8 the loading of camels was described by mildred cable and francesca french in their book through jade gate and central asia 1927 in the loading of a camel its grumblings commence as the first bale is placed on its back and continue uninterruptedly until the load is equal to its strength but as soon as it shows signs of being in excess the grumbling ceases suddenly and then the driver says enough put no more on this beast 9 10 azalai salt caravan practiced by tuareg traders in the sahara desert the french reported that the 1906 caravan numbered 20 000 camels caravan people edit a caravan could consist of 150 or so camels 8 or more files with a camel puller for each file besides the camel pullers the caravan would also include a xiansheng 先生 literally sir mister typically an older man with a long experience as a camel puller now playing the role of a general manager one or two cooks and the caravan master whose authority over the caravan and its people was as absolute as that of a captain on a ship if the owner of the caravan did not travel with the caravan himself he would send along a supercargo the person who will take care of the disposal of the freight upon arrival but had no authority during the journey the caravan could carry a number of paying passengers as well who would alternate between riding on top of a camel load and walking 2 camel pullers salary was quite low around 2 silver taels a month in 1926 which would not be enough even for shoes and clothing he wore out while walking with his camels although they were also fed and provided with tent space at the caravan owner s expense those people worked not so much for the wages as for the benefit of carrying some cargo half of a camel load or a full load of their own on the caravan s camels when successfully sold at the destination it would bring a handy profit even more importantly if a camel puller could afford to buy a camel or a few of his own he was allowed to include them into his file and to collect the carriage money for the cargo assigned by the caravan owner that they would carry once the camel puller got rich enough to own close to a full file of 18 camels he could join the caravan not as an employee but as a kind of a partner now instead of earning wages he would be paying money around 20 taels per round trip in 1926 to the owner of the rest of the caravan for the benefit of joining the caravan sharing in the food etc 2 diet edit the caravan people s food was mostly based around oat and millet flour with some animal fat a sheep would be bought from the mongols and slaughtered every now and then and tea was the usual daily drink as fresh vegetables were scarce scurvy was a danger 2 besides the paid cargo and the food and gear for the men the camels would also carry a fair amount of fodder for themselves typically dried peas when going west and barley when going east those being the cheapest types of camel feed in hohhot and gucheng respectively it was estimated that when leaving its point of origin for every 100 loads of merchandise the caravan would carry around 30 loads of fodder when that was not enough especially in winter more fodder could be bought very expensively from dealers who would come to the caravan route s popular stopping places from the populated areas of gansu or ningxia to the south 11 cargo edit typical cargo carried by the caravans were commodities such as wool cotton fabrics or tea as well as miscellaneous manufactured goods for sale in xinjiang and mongolia opium was carried as well typically by smaller surreptitious caravans usually in winter since in the hot weather opium would be too easily detected by the smell more exotic loads could include jade from khotan 12 elk antlers prized in chinese medicine or even dead bodies of the shanxi caravan men and traders who happened to die while in xinjiang in the latter case the bodies had been first temporarily buried in gucheng in light weight coffins and when after three or so years in the grave the flesh had been mostly consumed away the merchant guild sent the bodies to the east by a special caravan due to the special nature of the load higher freight rate was charged for such dead passengers 13 camels have been historically used to traffic illicit drugs among their legal trade goods 14 with camel meat being illegal in some places camels themselves are smuggled in india ritual sacrifice and common slaughter has fueled camel smuggling speed edit according to lattimore s diary caravan travel in inner mongolia did not always follow a regular schedule caravans traveled or camped at any time of day or night depending on weather local conditions and the need for rest since the caravan traveled at the walking speed of the men the distance made in a day a stage was usually between 10 and 25 mi 16 and 40 km depending on road and weather conditions and distances between water sources on occasions several days were spent in a camp without going forward due to bad weather a one way trip from hohhot to gucheng 1 550 to 1 650 mi or 2 490 to 2 660 km by lattimore s reckoning 15 could take anything from three to eight months 16 smaller caravans owned by mongols of the alashan the westernmost inner mongolia and manned by han chinese from zhenfan were able to make longer marches and thus cover longer distances faster than the typical han chinese or hui caravans because the mongols were able to always use fresh camels picked from their large herd for just a single journey every man was provided with a camel to ride and loads were much lighter than in the standard caravans rarely exceeding 270 pounds 122 5 kg these caravans would typically travel by day from sunrise to sunset 17 such a camel train is described in the accounts of the journey made by peter fleming and ella maillart in the gobi desert in the mid 1930s logistics edit inns called caravanserai were spread along the route of a long caravan journey these roadside inns specialized in catering to travelers along established trade routes such as the silk road and the royal road because such long trade routes often passed through inhospitable desert regions journeys would be impossible to complete successfully and profitably without caravanserai to provide necessary supplies and assistance to merchants and travelers it was necessary for camels to spend at least two months between long journeys to recuperate and the best time for that recuperation was in june july when camels shed their hair and the grazing is best therefore the best practice was for a caravan to leave hohhot in august just after the grazing season upon reaching gucheng weaker camels could stay there until the next summer by grazing whatever vegetation is available in winter while the stronger ones after a few weeks of recovery on a grain diet grain being cheaper in xinjiang than in eastern china would be sent back in late winter early spring taking along plenty of grain for fodder and returning to hohhot before the next grazing season vice versa one could leave hohhot in the spring spend the summer grazing season in xinjiang and come back in the late fall of the same year either way it would be possible for the caravan people and their best camels to make a full round trip within a year however such perfect scheduling was not always possible and it was often the case that a caravan sent out from hohhot in august would end up staying on the other end of the route until and through the next grazing season coming back to hohhot about a year and a half after its departure 16 loss of camels camel hair trade edit on almost every journey quite a few camels in each caravan would be lost on a particularly exhausting section of the trip an animal already worn out by many weeks of walking or accidentally poisoned by eating a poisonous plant would kneel down and not rise anymore since killing a camel was considered bad karma by the caravan people the hopeless animal whose death if it was owned by an individual camel puller would be a huge material loss for its owner was simply left behind to die thrown on the gobi as the camel men would say 18 since camels moult in the summer camel owners received additional income from collecting several pounds of hair their animals dropped during the summer grazing and shedding season in northern china the camel hair trade started around the 1880s later caravan men learned the art of knitting and crocheting from the defeated white russians in exile in xinjiang after the russian civil war and the items they had made were transported to eastern china by camel caravan although the hair shed by the camels or picked from them was of course considered the property of the camel owners caravan workers were entitled to make use of some hair for making knitwear for themselves mostly socks or for sale lattimore in 1926 observed camel pullers knitting on the march if they ran out of yarn they would reach back to the first camel of the file they were leading pluck a handful of hair from the neck and roll it in their palms into the beginning of a length of yarn a weight was attached to this and given a twist to start it spinning and the man went on feeding wool into the thread until he had spun enough yarn to continue his knitting 19 the pekingese camel photograph by john thomson 20 cultural associations edit in the desert верблюды literally camels is a traditional russian song performed by donald swann he provides an english language translation after every line the song is extremely repetitive another camel is approaching rendering the translation largely redundant a whole caravan of camels is approaching 21 fritz mühlenweg wrote a book called in geheimer mission durch die wüste gobi part one in english big tiger and compass mountain published in 1950 it was later shortened and translated into english under the title big tiger and christian it concerns the adventures of two boys who cross the gobi desert see also edit camel cavalry caravan travellers caravanserai cariboo camels twenty mule team references edit bbc dying trade of the sahara camel train 2006 1 2 3 4 5 lattimore owen 1928 9 the desert road to turkestan london methuen and co various later editions caravan logistics and organization is discussed in chap viii camel men all route maps are found inside the back cover the ghan history great southern rail archived from the original on 2 february 2012 retrieved 18 february 2012 smithsonian whatever happened to the wild camels of the west cabiroo com camels according to lattimore 1928 9 p 207 while pregnant female camels could travel as part of the caravan with a full load any baby camel born in the desert would have to be abandoned since if the camel cow were to nurse the young one she would become too thin for work lattimore 1928 9 p 151 lattimore 1928 9 pp 108 115 cable m french f 1937 through jade gate and central asia 6th ed london hodder stoughton p 21 cable m french f 1942 the gobi desert london hodder stoughton pp 161 164 lattimore 1928 9 p 74 lattimore 1928 9 pp 156 157 lattimore 1928 9 pp 230 231 irwin 2010 camel reaction books london p 57 lattimore 1928 9 p 100 1 2 lattimore 1928 29 pp 50 51 lattimore 1928 9 p 168 lattimore 1928 9 p 104 lattimore 1928 9 p 52 john thomson at certain seasons of the year camels may be encountered in tens of thousands crossing the desert of gobi laden with brick tea on their way to the russian frontier this brick tea in the absence of metallic currency forms the circulating medium in mongolia siber...
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