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o daireaux arabic chauch herder andalusian spanish chaucho guttural amerindian gaucho sp chaucho is unattested b that indians could not have pronounced chaucho is untenable c groussac 1904 16 paullada 1961 17 trifilo 1964 9 gibson 1892 18 4 rodolfo lenz pehuenche cachu friend or araucanian kauchu astute man argentine gaucho no proof that it was not the other way round paullada 1961 17 hollinger 1928 19 5 martiniano leguizamón d quichua huajcho or wáhča orphan abandoned maverick colonial sp guacho arg gaucho by metathesis guacho gaucho is an improbable metathesis e theory does not explain braz gaúcho groussac 1893 20 groussac 1904 21 paullada 1961 22 rona 1964 23 6 vicuña mackenna chilean quichua or araucanian guaso modern sp huaso countryman or cowboy guacho gaucho same as 5 hollinger 1928 24 7 lehmann nitsche gitano i e sp romani gachó foreigner andalusian gachó bohemian wanderer arg gaucho or braz gaúcho transition unexplained lehmann nitsche 1928 25 8 paul groussac lat gaudeo i enjoy sp gauderio peasant one who enjoys life urug gauderio low person cattle rustler derisive gauducho f gaúcho and gaucho gauducho unattested linguistically improbable unlikely transition to gaucho groussac 1904 26 paullada 1961 8 hollinger 1928 27 rona 1964 28 9 buenaventura caviglia jr garrucho g supp from sp garrocha a cattle pole gaúcho under negroid influence gaucho cattle pole origin implausible speculation negroid theory untenable rona 1964 29 10 fernando o assunção h learned sp gaucho in math architecture not level warped elite technical word unknown to the masses assunção 2011 30 hollinger 1928 31 the dialect frontier theory edit the río de la plata basin a different approach is to consider that the word might have originated north of the río de la plata where the indigenous languages were quite different and there is a portuguese influence two facts that any theory could usefully account for are the word actually exists in two forms port gaúcho and sp gaucho both long attested gauchos are first mentioned by name in the spanish colonial records for present day uruguay often in connection with smuggling to brazil see below origins thus azara wrote around 1784 there is in that land and particularly around montevideo and maldonado another class of people most appropriately called gauchos or gauderios commonly all are criminals escaped from the jails of spain and brazil or they belong to the number of those who because of their atrocities have had to flee to the wilderness when the gaucho has some necessity or caprice to satisfy he steals a few horses or cows takes them to brazil where he sells them and where he gets whatever it is he needs 32 hence the uruguayan sociolinguist josé pedro rona thought the origin of the word was to be sought on the frontier zone between spanish and portuguese which goes from northern uruguay to the argentine province of corrientes and the brazilian area between them 33 rona himself born on a language frontier in pre war europe i was a pioneer of the concept of linguistic borders and studied the dialects of northern uruguay where portuguese and spanish intermingle 34 rona thought that of the two forms gaúcho and gaucho the former probably came first because it was linguistically more natural for gaúcho to evolve by accent shift to gáucho than the other way round 35 thus the problem came down to explaining the origin of gaúcho the earliest depiction of a uruguayan gaucho emeric essex vidal picturesque illustrations of buenos ayres and monte video 1820 as to that rona thought that gaúcho originated in northern uruguay and came from garrucho a derisive word 36 possibly of charrua 37 origin which meant something like old indian or contemptible person and is actually found 38 in the historical record however in the portuguese based dialects of northern uruguay the phoneme rr is not easily pronounced and so is rendered as h sounding rather like english h 39 thus garrucho would be rendered as gahucho and indeed the french naturalist augustin saint hilaire travelling in uruguay during the artigas insurgency wrote in his diary 16 october 1820 ces hommes sans religion et sans morale le plus part indiens ou métis que les portugais désignaient sous le nom de garruchos ou gahuchos those men without religion or morals mostly indians or half breeds that the portuguese call garruchos or gahuchos 40 41 the native spanish speakers of these borderlands however could not process the phoneme h and would render it as a null thus gaúcho 42 in sum according to this theory gaúcho originated in the uruguay brazil dialect borderlands deriving from a derisive indigenous word garrucho then in spanish lands evolved by accent shift to gaucho history edit the historical gaucho is elusive because there has been more than one kind mythologisation has obscured the topic origins edit itinerant horsemen hunting wild cattle on the pampas originated as a social class during the 17th century the great natural abundance of the pampa wrote richard w slatta with its plethora of cattle horses ostriches 43 and other wild game meant that a skilled horseman and hunter could live without permanent employment by selling hides feathers pelts and eating free beef this pampean largess shaped the gaucho s independent migratory existence and his aversion to a sedentary regimen 44 spanish official félix de azara by goya the original gaucho was typically descended from unions between iberian men and amerindian women although he might also have african ancestry 45 a dna analysis study of rural inhabitants of rio grande do sul who style themselves gaúchos has claimed to discern not only amerindian charrúa and guaraní ancestry in the female line but in the male line a higher proportion of spanish ancestry than is usual in brazil 46 however gauchos were a social class not an ethnic group gauchos are first mentioned by name in the 18th century records of the spanish colonial authorities who administered the banda oriental present day uruguay for them he is an outlaw cattle thief robber and smuggler 47 48 félix de azara 1790 said gauchos were the dregs of the rio de la plata and of brazil summarised one scholar fundamentally the gaucho of the time was a colonial bootlegger whose business was contraband trade in cattle hides his work was highly illegal his character lamentably reprehensible his social standing exceedingly low 49 gaucho was an insult yet it was possible to use the word to refer without animosity to country people in general 50 51 furthermore the gaucho s skills though useful in banditry or smuggling were just as useful for serving in the frontier police the spanish administration recruited its anti smuggling cuerpo de blandengues from among the outlaws themselves 52 the uruguayan patriot josé gervasio artigas made precisely that career transition wars of emancipation independence edit güemes and his gauchos re enactment the gaucho was a born cavalryman 53 52 and his bravery in the patriot cause in the wars of independence especially under artigas and martín miguel de güemes earned admiration and improved his image 54 the spanish general garcía gamba who fought against güemes in salta said the gauchos were men that knew the country well mounted and armed they approached the troop with such confidence relaxation and coolness that they caused great admiration among the european military men who were seeing for the first time these extraordinary horsemen whose excellent qualities for guerilla warfare and swift surprise they had to endure on many occasions knowing gaucho to be an insult the spanish hurled it at the patriot militias güemes however picked it up as a badge of honour referring to his troops as my gauchos 55 visitors to the newly emergent argentina and uruguay perceived that a gaucho was a country person or herdsman seldom was there a pejorative significance 56 emeric essex vidal the first artist to paint gauchos 57 noted their mobility 1820 tucumán gauchos visiting buenos aires the first depiction of an asado emeric essex vidal 1820 they never conceive any attachment either for the soil or for a master however well he may pay and however kindly he may treat them they leave him at any moment when they take it into their heads most frequently without even bidding him adieu or at most saying i am going because i have been with you long enough they are extremely hospitable they furnish any traveller that applies to them with lodging and food and scarcely ever think of inquiring who he is or whither he is going even though he may remain with them for several months 58 vidal also painted visiting gauchos from up country tucumán their features are particularly spanish uncrossed by that mixture observable in the citizens of buenos ayres 59 they are not horsemen they are oxcart drivers and may or may not have called themselves gauchos in their home province 60 charles darwin observed life on the pampas for six months and reflected in his diary 1833 the gauchos or countrymen are very superior to those who reside in the towns the gaucho is invariably most obliging polite and hospitable i did not meet with even one instance of rudeness or inhospitality he is modest both respecting himself and country but at the same time a spirited bold fellow on the other hand many robberies are committed and there is much bloodshed the habit of constantly wearing the knife is the chief cause of the latter it is lamentable to hear how many lives are lost in trifling quarrels in fighting each party tries to mark the face of his adversary by slashing his nose or eyes as is often attested by deep and horrid looking scars robberies are a natural consequence of universal gambling much drinking and extreme indolence at mercedes i asked two men why they did not work one gravely said the days were too long the other that he was too poor the number of horses and the profusion of food are the destruction of all industry 61 controlling the wandering gaucho edit argentina edit gaucho soldiers of juan manuel de rosas sketched by the french artist durand brager 1846 woodcut from the title page of martín fierro 14th ed some gauchos flaunted their alpaca sash decorations as cattle estates grew bigger the freely wandering gaucho became a nuisance to landed proprietors 62 except when his casual labour was wanted e g at branding furthermore his services were needed in the armies that were fighting on the indian frontiers or in the frequent civil wars hence in argentina vagrancy laws required rural workers to carry employment documents some restrictions on the gaucho s freedom of movement were imposed under spanish viceroy sobremonte but they were greatly intensified under bernardino rivadavia and were enforced more vigorously still under juan manuel de rosas those who did not carry the documentation could be sentenced to years in the military from 1822 to 1873 even internal passports were required 63 according to marxist 64 and other 65 scholars the gaucho became proletarianized preferring life as a salaried peon on an estancia to forced enlistment irregular pay and harsh discipline however some resisted in words and deeds soldiers contested the state s disciplinary model frequently deserting 66 deserters often fled to the indian frontier or even took refuge with the indians themselves josé hernández described the bitter fate of just such a gaucho protagonist in his poem martín fierro 1872 a great popular success in the countryside one estimate was that renegade gauchos comprised half of all indian raiding parties 67 lucio victorio mansilla 1877 thought he could discern two types of gaucho in the soldiers under his command the paisano gaucho country worker has a home a fixed abode work habits respect for authority on whose side he will always be even against his better feelings but the gaucho neto out and out gaucho is the typical wandering criollo here today there tomorrow gambler quarreler enemy of discipline who flees military service when it is his turn takes refuge among the indians if he knifes someone or joins the montonera armed rabble if it shows up the first has the instincts of civilization he imitates the man of the cities in his dress in his customs the second loves tradition he hates foreigners 68 his luxury is his spurs his flash gear his leather sash his facón dagger sword the first takes off his poncho to go into town the second goes there flaunting his trappings the first is a cultivator oxcart driver cattle drover herdsman a peon the second hires himself out for cattle branding the first has been a soldier several times the second was once part of a squadron and as soon as he saw his chance he deserted the first is always federal the second is no longer anything the first still believes in something the second believes in nothing he has suffered more than the city slicker and so has been disillusioned quicker he votes because the commander or the mayor tells him to and with that universal suffrage is achieved if he has a claim he drops it because he thinks it is frankly a waste of time in a word the first is a useful man for industry and work the second is a dangerous inhabitant anywhere if he resorts to the courts it is because he has the instinct to believe that they will do him justice out of fear and there are examples if they don t do it he takes revenge he wounds or kills the former makes up the argentine social mass the second is disappearing 69 already in 1845 a local dialect dictionary 70 by a knowledgeable compiler 71 gave gaucho as meaning any kind of rural worker including one who cultivated the soil to refer to the wandering sort one had to specify further 72 documentary research 73 has shown the great majority of rural workers in buenos aires province were not herdsmen but cultivators or shepherds thus the gaucho that survives in today s popular imagination the galloping horseman was not typical 74 brazil and uruguay edit gauchos north of the río de la plata were similar to their argentine counterparts however there were some differences particularly in the region straddling brazil and uruguay the portuguese crown in order to conquer southern brazil it was disputed with the spanish empire distributed vast tracts of land to a few hundred families labour in this region was scarce so great landowners acquired it by allowing a social class called agregados to settle on their land with their own animals values were martial and paternalistic for the territory went back and forth between portugal and spain black gauchos were commonplace in the brazil uruguay borderlands though rarely publicised an exceptional early 20th century photograph thus the social pyramid of the borderland was divided into rough thirds at the top portuguese landowners and their families then the agregados whose racial origins varied and at the bottom the enslaved africans whose large numbers distinguish the brazilian borderland from similar ranching areas in the rio de la plata 75 b...
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