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transaction scheduling diagram a transaction program scheduling tree allows the client to establish relative usage for groups of transaction programs concurrency limits avoid one type of work dominating the system to the exclusion of other work and avoid creating an over commitment of resources up to 4094 nodes may be created in the tree maximum concurrency specified for each node in the tree concurrency of higher node limits total concurrency of dependent nodes concurrency of highest node limits system concurrency priority 0 to 63 and concurrency level 1 to 2047 can be specified for each transaction program the highest priority transaction is selected for scheduling except as limited by the concurrency policies in effect for its node and higher nodes real time edit real time is not another type of run rather it is a set of priority levels which any activity may request real time is most typically used by long running batch programs like the os 2200 communications manager cpcomm but is not restricted to such there are 36 real time priority levels available by api for applications to use the user and account must have the privilege to use real time priorities it is up to the site to control how their applications use the priority levels real time priorities totally dominate all lower priorities so it s quite possible for a misbehaved real time program to tie up one or more processors the real time priority applies to an individual activity thread so a program may have both real time and non real time threads executing at the same time cpu dispatch edit once a run has been started getting access to the processor controls its rate of progress the heart of the exec is the dispatcher which manages all the processors 14 dispatching priorities diagram the exec supports up to 4095 dispatching priorities although most sites define only a small subset of those the two highest priorities aren t switchable they are recognition of certain types of processing that must be allowed to continue on the processor on which they started until they voluntarily give up control interrupt lockout occurs when an interrupt arrives or in a few special cases when other exec code prevents all interrupts in order to change some data that an interrupt handler may also access interlock is used by interrupt post processing routines that either need to run on the same physical processor or simply should not be interrupted the dispatcher i o completions and i o initiation are some examples all locks used by both of these priorities are spin locks as the only way they can be set by someone else is on another processor and the design requires that they only be set for very short instruction sequences high exec priority is used by the operator command handler and some other functions that may have to run even when a real time program has control they are expected to use only very short amounts of time if they need more time they should queue the work to be processed by a low exec activity real time activities have an unlimited processor quantum and run without switching unless interrupted by a higher priority real time activity or high exec activity real time activities are given control of any available processor that is running something of lower priority interrupts are sent between processors when necessary to ensure immediate availability real time is used by customers to fly missiles run simulators and other functions that require immediate response transaction priorities may be handled in two ways as defined by the site they may be a sort of lower priority real time in that only the priority matters and the quantum size is essentially infinite this is appropriate for very short lived transactions such as airline reservations if one loops due to a programming error the exec will terminate it when it reaches its very small configured maximum time the other form allows the exec to vary the priority within a range to optimize system resource usage the approach gives higher priority and shorter time slices to programs that are i o limited and progressively lower priorities but longer time slices to those that are computing the exec dynamically adjusts these priorities based on behavior as programs often behave both ways at different times this approach is appropriate for longer running transactions like database queries or airline fare quotes batch and demand always use dynamically adjusted priorities programs that are i o limited or are in a conversation with a time sharing user get higher priorities but short time slices more compute oriented programs get lower priorities and longer time slices the exec has two additional mechanisms for optimizing dispatching one is affinity based dispatching when possible the exec will run an activity on the same processor that it was on the last time to get the greatest advantage of residual cache contents if that isn t possible it tries to keep the activity on the nearest processor from the standpoint of cache and memory access times the second is a fairness policy mechanism the site can define the relative percentage of resources to be allocated to each of transactions demand and batch within transactions and batch there are priority groupings that can further indicate what percentage of their group s time is to be allocated to the priority this ensures that transactions cannot so dominate the system that no batch work gets done within the various priority groupings it ensures that some progress can be assured for each group unless the group percentage is zero these fairness algorithms only come into play when the processors are very busy but os 2200 systems often run with all processors at near 100 utilized metering edit os 2200 supports several models for system performance management 15 customers may purchase a certain fixed performance level and the exec will monitor processor usage to ensure that performance does not exceed that level customers can also purchase additional performance either temporarily or permanently up to the full capacity of the system if their workload increases or an emergency requires it more recently the system has added a metered usage capability in this mode the full power of the system is always available to the customer although they may administratively limit that the usage is accumulated over a month and then the reported usage is submitted to unisys billing depending on the specific contract terms the client may receive a bill for excess usage above some contracted baseline for the month or just a statement showing that the total contracted usage has been decremented the first form is like a cell phone bill with the potential for charging for excess minutes the latter is like buying a pre paid phone card file system edit os 2200 does not have a hierarchical file system as do most other operating systems rather it has a structured naming convention and the notion of container files called program files files in os 2200 are simply containers that may be addressed either by word offset in the file or by sector 28 word unit offset in the file the 28 words is a historical unit from an early mass storage device the fastrand drum that could hold 64 such units per physical track nonetheless it is a fortunate historical accident four such 28 word units or 112 words occupy 504 bytes with today s mass storage devices all using 512 byte physical records os 2200 clients have almost all adopted some multiple of 112 words as their physical record size and database page size i o processors automatically adjust for the 504 512 byte mapping adding 8 bytes of zeros on writes and stripping them off on reads of each physical record os 2200 handles applications that use sizes other than multiples of 112 words by indivisibly reading the containing physical records and writing back out the unchanged and changed portions with data chaining special locking functions guarantee indivisibility even when there are device errors and across multiple systems in a cluster file formats and other internal data structures are described in the data structures programming reference manual 16 file names edit ever since exec 8 file names have taken the form qualifier filename f cycle e g personnel employees 1 11 qualifier and filename are simply twelve character strings used to create whatever naming structure the client desires f cycle is a number from 0 to 999 that allows multiple generations of a file these may be referenced by relative numbers 1 next or new cycle 1 previous cycle 0 current cycle leaving the cycle off defaults to the current cycle batch production runs that create new generations of files use this approach the numbers wrap around after 999 only 32 consecutive relative cycle numbers may exist at one time creating a 1 deletes 31 any file may be used as a program file a program file contains elements which generally act as files element naming is qualifier filename f cycle element version e cycle e g personnel programs taxcalc 2008 element and version are twelve character names used in any way a user desires e cycle is similar to f cycle in that it represents a generation number but without the restriction to 32 concurrent cycles and the limit is 256k cycles however e cycle only applies to text elements and each line in a text element is marked with the cycle numbers at which it was inserted and deleted elements also have a type and sub type the most commonly used types are text and object if the default type is not suitable options select the appropriate type text elements also have sub types that typically represent the programming language e g asm c cob for the default element name of an object file is the same as the text file from which it was created an object element may be executed if it is a main program or linked with other object elements including a main program the linking may be static or dynamic a main program may be executed without pre linking provided all required sub programs are in the same program file are system libraries or are otherwise known rules may be included in a program file to direct the dynamic linker s search for unfulfilled references the linker may also be used to statically link multiple object modules together to form a new object module containing all instructions data and other information in the original object modules omnibus elements may be used as data by applications or may serve to hold structured information for applications and system utilities there is no assumed structure to an omnibus element for compatibility with earlier basic mode programming models there are relocatable and absolute element types relocatable elements are the output of basic mode compilers they may be combined by the basic mode static linker map the collector to form an absolute element which is executable file management edit os 2200 implements a fully virtual file system files may be allocated anywhere across any and all mass storage devices mass storage is treated as a large space pool similar to the way virtual memory is managed while contiguous space is allocated if possible mass storage is treated as a set of pages of 8kb size and a file can be placed in as many areas of the same or different devices as is required dynamic expansion of files attempts to allocate space adjacent to the previous allocation but will find space wherever it is available in fact files need not even be present on mass storage to be used the exec and the file backup system are fully integrated when file backups are made the tape reel number s are recorded in the file directory if space gets short on mass storage some files are simply marked as unloaded if they have a current backup copy and their space is available for use if enough space can t be found that way a backup is started any reference to an unloaded file will be queued while the file is copied back to mass storage the whole system is automatic and generally transparent to users 17 access methods edit in general the exec does not provide access methods files are simply containers access methods are provided by the language run time systems and the database manager the one exception is a fixed block access method provided for high volume transaction processing 18 it has much less overhead than the database manager but does participate in all locking clustering and recovery mechanisms removable packs edit when clients want more explicit control over the location of files they can use the removable pack concept at one time these truly represented physically removable disk packs and the operating system would automatically generate pack mount requests to operators as needed today they are still used to place files usually database files or transaction files on one or more disk volumes files may still span multiple disk volumes and now the list of volume names is given when the file is created files that are on such volume groups are still backed up but are not subject to automatic virtual space management cifs edit os 2200 also provides a full implementation of the common internet file system cifs 19 cifs implements the smb protocol used by microsoft servers and the unix linux samba software cifs for clearpath os 2200 is both a file server and file client to other cifs compliant systems this includes desktop pcs running windows cifs supports smb message signing to maintain os 2200 security cifs for clearpath os 2200 provides two levels of protection first os 2200 files are not visible to the network until they have been declared as shares with a cifs command a specific privilege exists to control who may declare a share the second level of control is that all access is still protected by os 2200 security clients accessing os 2200 via cifs will either have to be automatically identified via ntlm or kerberos or they will be presented with a query for their os 2200 user id and password cifs allows os 2200 files to be presented in a hierarchical view typically the qualifier will appear as the highest level in the tree followed by filename element name and version in addition files may be stored on os 2200 servers using the full windows filename format windows applications will see os 2200 as another file server os 2200 applications have apis available to read and write files existing on other cifs compliant servers such as windows file servers in the network text files are automatically converted to and from os 2200 internal formats binary files must be understood by the application program the cifsut utility running under os 2200 can exchange encrypted compressed files with other software such as winzip subsystems edit the concept of subsystems and protected subsystems are central to the design of os 2200 a subsystem is most analogous to a dll in windows it is code and data that may be shared among all programs running in the system 20 in os 2200 each subsystem has its own set of banks that reside in a separate part of the address space that c...
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