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s synonyms sterna portlandica sterna pikei the arctic tern sterna paradisaea is a tern in the family laridae this bird has a circumpolar breeding distribution covering the arctic and subarctic regions of europe as far south as brittany asia and north america as far south as massachusetts the species is strongly migratory seeing two summers each year as it migrates along a convoluted route from its northern breeding grounds to the antarctic coast for the southern summer and back again about six months later recent studies have shown average annual round trip lengths of about 70 900 km 38 300 nmi for birds nesting in iceland and greenland and about 48 700 km 26 300 nmi for birds nesting in the netherlands while an individual from the farne islands in northumberland with a light level geolocator tag covered a staggering 96 000 km 52 000 nmi in ten months from the end of one breeding season to the start of the next these are by far the longest migrations known in the animal kingdom arctic terns are medium sized birds they have a length of 33 36 cm 13 14 in and a wingspan of 76 85 cm 30 33 in 3 4 and weigh around 100 g 5 in the breeding season they are mainly grey and white with a blood red beak and feet a black crown and nape and white cheeks the mantle is grey and the scapulars grey tipped white the upper wing is grey with a white leading edge and a narrow blackish trailing edge on the primary feathers the collar is completely white as is the rump the deeply forked tail is whitish with grey outer webs in winter the forehead becomes partly white and the bill and legs are black 3 juveniles also have a partly white forehead and narrow pale orangey brown fringes on the grey mantle feathers unlike common tern where the mantle feathers are more completely gingery brown 3 arctic terns are long lived birds with many reaching fifteen to thirty years of age with a record of 31 years 5 they eat mainly fish and small marine invertebrates the species is abundant with an estimated two million individuals while the trend in the number of individuals in the species as a whole is not known exploitation in the past has reduced this bird s numbers in the southern reaches of its ranges etymology the genus name sterna is derived from old english stearn tern 6 the specific paradisaea is from late latin paradisus paradise 7 the scots names pictarnie 8 tarrock 9 and their many variants are also believed to be onomatopoeic derived from the distinctive call 10 due to the difficulty in distinguishing the two species all the informal common names are shared with the common tern 11 distribution and migration an arctic tern nesting on the farne islands from where the longest migration is recorded the arctic tern has a continuous worldwide circumpolar breeding distribution there are no accepted subspecies it can be found in coastal regions in cooler temperate parts of north america and eurasia during the northern summer during the southern summer it can be found at sea reaching the northern edge of the antarctic ice 12 the arctic tern is famous for its migration it flies from its arctic breeding grounds to the antarctic and back again each year the shortest distance between these areas is 19 000 km 12 000 mi the long journey ensures that this bird sees two summers per year and more daylight than any other creature on the planet 13 one example of this bird s remarkable long distance flying abilities involves an arctic tern ringed as an unfledged chick on the farne islands in northumberland uk in the northern summer of 1982 that reached melbourne australia in october just three months after fledging a journey of more than 22 000 km 14 000 mi 14 another example is that of a chick ringed in labrador canada on 23 july 1928 it was found in south africa four months later 15 a 2010 study using tracking devices attached to the birds showed that the above examples are not unusual for the species in fact the study showed that previous research had seriously underestimated the annual distances travelled by the arctic tern eleven birds that bred in greenland or iceland covered 70 900 km 38 300 nmi on average in a year with a maximum of 81 600 km 44 100 nmi 16 the difference from previous estimates is due to the birds taking meandering courses rather than following a straight route as was previously assumed the birds follow a somewhat convoluted course in order to take advantage of prevailing winds 17 the average arctic tern lives about 30 years and will based on the above research travel some 2 4 million km 1 5 million mi during its lifetime the equivalent of a roundtrip from earth to the moon more than three times 18 a 2013 tracking study of half a dozen arctic terns breeding in the netherlands 19 shows average annual migrations of c 48 700 km 26 300 nmi on their way south these birds roughly followed the coastlines of europe and africa 20 in a 2015 2017 study of arctic terns on the farne islands in northumberland an individual with a light level geolocator tag g82 covered a staggering 96 000 km 52 000 nmi in just 10 months from the end of one breeding season to the start of the next setting a new global migration record by travelling not just the length of the atlantic ocean and the width of the indian ocean but also half way across the south pacific to the boundary between the ross and amundsen seas before returning west along the antarctic coast and back north through the atlantic this is more than twice the earth s circumference 21 22 23 arctic terns usually migrate sufficiently far offshore that they are rarely seen from land outside the breeding season 4 description and taxonomy the arctic tern is a medium sized bird around 33 36 cm 13 14 in from the tip of its beak to the tip of its tail the wingspan is 76 85 cm 30 33 in 4 the weight is 86 127 g 3 0 4 5 oz the beak is dark red as are the short legs and webbed feet like most terns the arctic tern has high aspect ratio wings and a tail with a deep fork 4 the adult plumage is grey above with a black nape and crown and white cheeks the upperwings are pale grey with the area near the wingtip being translucent the tail is white and the underparts pale grey both sexes are similar in appearance the winter plumage is similar but the crown is whiter and the bills are darker 4 juveniles differ from adults in their black bill and legs scaly appearing wings and mantle with dark feather tips dark carpal wing bar and short tail streamers 4 during their first summer juveniles also have a whiter forecrown 24 the species has a variety of calls the two most common being the alarm call made when possible predators such as humans or other mammals enter the colonies and the advertising call 25 while the arctic tern is similar to the common and roseate terns its colouring profile and call are slightly different compared to the common tern it has a longer tail and uniformly coloured bill while the main differences from the roseate are its slightly darker colour and longer wings the arctic tern s call is more nasal and rasping than that of the common and is easily distinguishable from that of the roseate 26 this bird s closest relatives are a group of south polar species the south american sterna hirundinacea kerguelen s virgata and antarctic s vittata terns 27 the immature plumages of the arctic tern were originally described as separate species sterna portlandica and sterna pikei 28 reproduction breeding begins around the third or fourth year 29 arctic terns mate for life and in most cases return to the same colony each year 30 courtship is elaborate especially in birds nesting for the first time 31 courtship begins with a so called high flight where a female will chase the male to a high altitude and then slowly descend this display is followed by fish flights where the male will offer fish to the female courtship on the ground involves strutting with a raised tail and lowered wings after this both birds will usually fly and circle each other 31 both sexes agree on a site for a nest and both will defend the site during this time the male continues to feed the female mating occurs shortly after this 31 breeding takes place in colonies on coasts islands and occasionally inland on tundra near water it often forms mixed flocks with the common tern it lays from one to three eggs per clutch most often two 4 it is one of the most aggressive terns fiercely defensive of its nest and young it will attack humans and large predators usually striking the top or back of the head although it is too small to cause serious injury to an animal of a human s size it is still capable of drawing blood and is capable of repelling many raptorial birds polar bears 32 and smaller mammalian predators such as foxes and cats 13 the nest is usually a depression in the ground which may or may not be lined with bits of grass or similar materials the eggs are mottled and camouflaged 4 both sexes share incubation duties the young hatch after 22 27 days and fledge after 21 24 days 4 if the parents are disturbed and flush from the nest frequently the incubation period could be extended to as long as 34 days 25 when hatched the chicks are downy being precocial the chicks begin to move around and explore their surroundings within one to three days after hatching 33 usually they do not stray far from the nest chicks are brooded by the adults for the first ten days after hatching 34 both parents care for hatchlings 4 chick diets always include fish and parents selectively bring larger prey items to chicks than they eat themselves 25 males bring more food than females feeding by the parents lasts for roughly a month before being weaned off slowly 4 after fledging the juveniles learn to feed themselves including the difficult method of plunge diving 35 they will fly south to winter with the help of their parents 36 arctic terns are long lived birds that spend considerable time raising only a few young and are thus said to be k selected 37 a 1957 study in the farne islands estimated an annual survival rate of 82 38 nesting with an egg chick adult with juvenile juvenile ecology and behaviour the diet of the arctic tern varies depending on location and time but is usually carnivorous in most cases it eats small fish or marine crustaceans 12 4 fish species comprise the most important part of the diet and account for more of the biomass consumed than any other food prey species are immature 1 2 year old shoaling species such as herring cod sandlances and capelin 13 among the marine crustaceans eaten are amphipods crabs and krill sometimes these birds also eat molluscs marine worms or berries and on their northern breeding grounds insects 33 arctic terns sometimes dip down to the surface of the water to catch prey close to the surface they may also chase insects in the air when breeding 33 it is also thought that arctic terns may in spite of their small size occasionally engage in kleptoparasitism by swooping at birds so as to startle them into releasing their catches 33 several species are targeted conspecifics other terns like the common tern and some auk and grebe species 25 while nesting arctic terns are vulnerable to predation by cats and other animals 12 besides being a competitor for nesting sites the larger herring gull steals eggs and hatchlings camouflaged eggs help prevent this as do isolated nesting sites 35 scientists have experimented with bamboo canes erected around tern nests although they found fewer predation attempts in the caned areas than in the control areas canes did not reduce the probability of predation success per attempt 39 while feeding skuas gulls and other tern species will often harass the birds and steal their food 40 adult with an eel hovering with food over nest defending its offspring juvenile conservation status the total population of the arctic tern is estimated at more than two million individuals with more than half of the population in europe the breeding range is very large and although the population is considered to be decreasing this species is evaluated as a species of least concern by the iucn 1 arctic terns are among the species to which the agreement on the conservation of african eurasian migratory waterbirds applies 41 the population in new england was reduced in the late nineteenth century because of hunting for the millinery trade 25 exploitation continues in western greenland where the population of the species has been reduced greatly since 1950 42 in iceland the arctic tern has been regionally uplisted to vulnerable as of 2018 due to the crash of sand eel ammodytes spp stocks 43 in the southern part of its range the arctic tern has been declining in numbers much of this is due to a lack of food 24 however most of these birds range is extremely remote with no apparent trend in the species as a whole 33 the arctic terns dispersal pattern is affected by changing climatic conditions 44 and its ability to feed in its antarctic wintering is dependent on sea ice cover but unlike breeding species it is able to move to a different area if necessary and can be used as a control to investigate the effect of climate change on breeding species 45 cultural depictions the arctic tern has appeared on the postage stamps of several countries and dependent territories the territories include åland alderney and faroe islands countries include canada finland iceland and cuba 46 the arctic tern was featured prominently in a sketch on the improv comedy television show whose line is it anyway involving colin mochrie and ryan stiles 47 in the sketch colin compared the call of the arctic tern to the sound of the band name backstreet boys a european constellation of weather satellites in polar orbits is named eps sterna in reference to the bird s long migrations 48 references 1 2 birdlife international 2018 sterna paradisaea iucn red list of threatened species 2018 e t22694629a132065195 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2018 2 rlts t22694629a132065195 en retrieved 12 november 2021 arctic tern birdlife species factsheet birdlife org birdlife international retrieved 17 august 2006 1 2 3 svensson lars mullarney killian zetterstroem dan 16 march 2023 collins bird guide william collins p 208 isbn 978 0 00 854746 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 del hoyo josep elliott andrew sargatal jordi eds 1996 handbook of the birds of the world vol 3 barcelona lynx edicions p 653 isbn 84 87334 20 2 1 2 arctic tern bto retrieved 24 september 2025 sterna oxford english dictionary online ed oxford university press subscription or participating institution membership required jobling james a 2010 the helm dictionary of scientific bird names london christopher helm p 291 isbn 978 1 4081 2501 4 snd pictarnie archived 30 may 2013 at the wayback machine snd tarrock archived 30 may 2013 at the wayback machine hume rob 1993 the common tern hamlyn pp 12 13 isbn 978 0 540 01266 4 cocker mark mabey richard 2005 birds britannica london chatto windus pp 246 247 isbn 0 7011 6907 9 1 2 3 ar...
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