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timore plot state funeral tomb catafalque flags hearse lincoln kennedy coincidences legacy historical reputation memorials depictions lincoln s birthday ghost bibliography topical guide v t e this article is part of a series about andrew johnson personal early life slavery mordecai house kirkwood house 15th governor of tennessee governorship elections 1853 1855 16th vice president of the united states vice presidency drunk inaugural address abraham lincoln assassination 17th president of the united states presidency inauguration foreign policy cabinet appointment judicial appointment conclusion of civil war reconstruction reconstruction acts civil rights act of 1866 swing around the circle impeachment first inquiry second inquiry trial managers investigation efforts timeline articles of impeachment vice presidential and presidential campaigns 1864 convention treason must be made odious election 1868 convention legacy alcoholism debate bibliography historic site national cemetery museum and library v t e on april 14 1865 abraham lincoln the 16th president of the united states was shot at ford s theatre in washington d c and died the next day one month into his second term and towards the conclusion of the american civil war lincoln was watching the play our american cousin with his wife mary todd major henry rathbone and rathbone s fiancé clara harris when john wilkes booth an actor and confederate sympathizer shot him in the head lincoln was taken to the petersen house across the street where he died the following morning with union victory imminent booth and his conspirators including lewis powell david herold and george atzerodt originally plotted to kidnap lincoln to aid the confederacy after that plan failed to materialize they decided to assassinate him secretary of state william h seward and vice president andrew johnson booth hoped that eliminating the three most important officials of the federal government would revive the confederate cause powell and herold were assigned to kill seward while atzerodt was assigned to kill johnson booth succeeded in killing lincoln but powell only managed to wound seward while atzerodt became drunk and never targeted johnson booth fled into maryland after shooting lincoln and rendezvoused with herold lincoln s secretary of war edwin stanton directed the largest manhunt in us history at the time involving thousands of troops after a 12 day search on april 26 booth and herold were located at a tobacco farm in king george county virginia booth was fatally shot by sergeant boston corbett after refusing to surrender the other conspirators were captured by the end of april 1865 except for john surratt whom the us captured in egypt in november 1866 powell herold atzerodt and mary surratt were hanged in july 1865 while john surratt was released after a mistrial in 1867 and never retried johnson was hastily sworn in as the 17th president on april 15 and served for the remainder of lincoln s second term lincoln s state funeral was held on april 19 after which a funeral train transported his remains through seven states for burial in illinois he was the third us president to die in office and the first by assassination the assassination drew international condemnation and left a profound impact on the us it made lincoln a national martyr and led to a lengthy period of mourning as the us entered the reconstruction era background abandoned plan to kidnap lincoln a carte de visite of the actor john wilkes booth c 1865 john wilkes booth born in maryland into a family of prominent stage actors had by the time of the assassination become a famous actor and national celebrity he was also an outspoken confederate sympathizer in late 1860 he was initiated in the pro confederate knights of the golden circle in baltimore maryland 1 67 in may 1863 the confederate states congress passed a law prohibiting the exchange of black soldiers following a previous decree by president jefferson davis in december 1862 that neither black soldiers nor their white officers would be exchanged this became a reality in mid july 1863 after some soldiers of the 54th massachusetts were not exchanged following their assault on fort wagner on july 30 1863 president abraham lincoln issued general order 252 to stop prisoner exchanges with the south until all northern soldiers would be exchanged without regard for their skin color stopping the prisoner exchanges is often wrongly attributed to general ulysses simpson grant even though he was commanding an army in the west in mid 1863 and became overall commander in early 1864 2 booth conceived a plan to kidnap lincoln in order to blackmail the union into resuming prisoner exchanges 3 130 34 and he recruited samuel arnold george atzerodt david herold michael o laughlen lewis powell also known as lewis paine and john surratt to help him surratt s mother mary surratt left her tavern in surrattsville maryland and moved to a house in washington d c where booth became a frequent visitor the surratt boarding house where the conspirators planned booth and lincoln were not personally acquainted but lincoln had seen booth at ford s theatre in 1863 4 419 5 6 after the assassination actor frank mordaunt wrote that lincoln who apparently harbored no suspicions about booth admired the actor and had repeatedly but unsuccessfully invited him to visit the white house 7 325 26 booth attended lincoln s second inauguration on march 4 1865 writing in his diary afterwards what an excellent chance i had if i wished to kill the president on inauguration day 3 174 437n41 on march 17 booth and the other conspirators planned to abduct lincoln as he returned from a play at campbell general hospital in northwest washington lincoln did not go to the play instead attending a ceremony at the national hotel 3 185 booth was living at the national hotel at the time and had he not gone to the hospital for the abortive kidnap attempt might have been able to attack lincoln at the hotel 3 185 86 439n17 8 25 meanwhile the confederacy was collapsing on april 3 richmond virginia the confederate capital fell to the union army on april 9 general robert e lee and his army of northern virginia surrendered to general grant and his army of the potomac after the battle of appomattox court house confederate president jefferson davis and other confederate officials had fled nevertheless booth continued to believe in the confederate cause and sought a way to salvage it he soon decided to assassinate lincoln 9 728 previous assassination attempt in mid august 1864 lincoln was heading to his cottage at the soldiers home in washington d c about 3 miles northeast of the white house 10 11 lincoln was riding alone on his horse old abe to the home at about 11 p m deep in thought 12 13 14 between 1862 and 1864 lincoln was known to spend the summer months at the soldiers home with his family starting between mid june and early july of each year to escape the heat and staying until early november 15 16 on that night john w nichols a sentry of the property was on duty and was stationed at the gate of the home 13 14 17 when lincoln arrived at the foot of the hill of the path to the soldiers home nichols suddenly heard a rifle shot in the distance and shortly after lincoln appeared at the gate on his horse missing his stovepipe hat 12 13 14 17 after lincoln dismounted his horse he stated he old abe came pretty near getting away with me didn t he he got the bit in his teeth before i could draw the rein 13 nichols replied by asking where the president s hat was and lincoln replied by stating that someone fired a sniper rifle at him at the foot of the hill 10 afterwards his horse had become frightened and took off at breakneck speed jerking his hat off of his head 10 13 nichols soon allowed lincoln into his cottage and calmed lincoln s horse who was still frightened 11 17 nichols then sought another corporal at the home before both men went to investigate the road lincoln had taken 17 at the intersection of the path to the soldiers home and a main road the men found lincoln s hat 13 14 17 upon inspection nichols and the corporal found that the hat had a bullet hole through its crown 13 14 16 17 18 however lincoln himself sustained no injuries 15 nichols remarked that the bullet had been fired upward and it was evident that the person who fired the rifle had secreted himself close to by the roadside 13 the following day nichols returned lincoln his hat and called special attention to the bullet hole in the hat s crown 13 14 after seeing the bullet hole lincoln replied by stating that he was probably fired at by an incompetent hunter and it was not the shooter s intention to fire at him 11 12 13 14 however lincoln requested that the matter be kept quiet which nichols followed although he felt confident that the shooter intended to kill lincoln 12 13 14 17 according to ward hill lamon who was lincoln s personal bodyguard lincoln had the following to say about the event last night about 11 o clock i went out to the soldiers home alone riding old abe as you call him and when i arrived at the foot of the hill on the road leading to the entrance of the home grounds by the report of a rifle and seemingly the gunner was not fifty yards from where my contemplations ended and my accelerated transit began with one reckless bound he unceremoniously separated me from my eight dollar plug hat at a break neck speed we soon arrived in a haven of safety in the face of this testimony in favor of your theory of danger to me personally i can t bring myself to believe that any one has shot or will deliberately shoot at me with the purpose of killing me i have about concluded that the shot was the result of accident it may be that some one on his return from a day s hunt this whole thing seems farcical no good can result at this time from giving it publicity 19 ward hill lamon recollections of abraham lincoln 1847 1865 chapter 27 plots and assassination pp 267 268 after this event it was required that lincoln should always have a bodyguard and he would never ride on his horse alone again 11 13 15 18 the gunman s identity remains unknown but some have theorized that it was none other than john wilkes booth who was a crack shot 18 20 motive further information john wilkes booth theories of booth s motivation there are various theories about booth s motivations in a letter to his mother he wrote of his desire to avenge the south 21 doris kearns goodwin has endorsed the idea that another factor was booth s rivalry with his well known older brother actor edwin booth who was a loyal unionist 22 david s reynolds believes that though disagreeing with his cause booth greatly admired the daring of abolitionist john brown 23 booth s sister asia booth clarke quoted him as saying john brown was a man inspired the grandest character of the century 23 24 on april 11 booth attended lincoln s last speech in which lincoln promoted voting rights for emancipated slaves 25 booth said that means nigger citizenship that is the last speech he will ever give 26 enraged booth urged powell to shoot lincoln on the spot whether booth made this request because he was not armed or considered powell a better shot than himself is unknown powell unlike booth had served in the confederate army and thus had military experience in any event powell refused for fear of the crowd and booth was either unable or unwilling to personally attempt to kill the president however booth said to david herold by god i ll put him through 27 4 91 lincoln s premonitions according to ward hill lamon three days before his death lincoln related a dream in which he wandered the white house searching for the source of mournful sounds i kept on until i arrived at the east room which i entered there i met with a sickening surprise before me was a catafalque on which rested a corpse wrapped in funeral vestments around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as guards and there was a throng of people gazing mournfully upon the corpse whose face was covered others weeping pitifully who is dead in the white house i demanded of one of the soldiers the president was his answer he was killed by an assassin 28 however lincoln later told lamon that in this dream it was not me but some other fellow that was killed it seems that this ghostly assassin tried his hand on someone else 29 30 paranormal investigator joe nickell wrote that dreams of assassination would not be unexpected considering the baltimore plot and an additional assassination attempt in which a hole was shot through lincoln s hat 29 for months lincoln had looked pale and haggard but on the morning of the assassination he told people how happy he was first lady mary lincoln felt such talk could bring bad luck 31 346 lincoln told his cabinet that he had dreamed of being on a singular and indescribable vessel that was moving with great rapidity toward a dark and indefinite shore and that he had had the same dream before nearly every great and important event of the war such as the union victories at antietam murfreesboro gettysburg and vicksburg 32 preparations an advertisement for our american cousin washington evening star april 14 1865 on april 14 booth s morning started at midnight he wrote his mother that all was well but that he was in haste in his diary he wrote that our cause being almost lost something decisive and great must be done 9 728 31 346 while visiting ford s theatre around noon to pick up his mail booth learned that lincoln and grant were to visit the theater that evening for a performance of our american cousin this provided him with an especially good opportunity to attack lincoln since having performed there several times he knew the theater s layout and was familiar to its staff 8 12 4 108 09 booth went to mary surratt s boarding house in washington d c and asked her to deliver a package to her tavern in surrattsville maryland he also asked her to tell her tenant louis j weichmann to ready the guns and ammunition that booth had previously stored at the tavern 8 19 ford s theatre the conspirators met for the final time at 8 45 pm booth assigned powell to kill secretary of state william h seward at his home atzerodt to kill vice president andrew johnson at the kirkwood hotel and herold to guide powell who was unfamiliar with washington to the seward house and then to a rendezvous with booth in maryland booth was the only well known member of the conspiracy access to the theater s upper floor containing the presidential box was restricted and booth was the only plotter who could have realistically expected to be admitted there without difficulty it would have been reasonable but ultimately incorrect for the plotters to have assumed that the entrance of the box would be guarded had it been booth would have been the only plotter with a plausible chance of gaining access to lincoln or at least to gain entry to the box without being searched for wea...
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