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or various types of aquatic environments and target fish spearfishing may be done using free diving snorkelling or scuba diving techniques 55 abalone lobster sea urchins and various other marine invertebrates can be collected by hand or with the assistance of hand tools while diving pearl hunting is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs usually oysters or mussels in the sea or freshwater pearl hunting was prevalent in the persian gulf region and japan for thousands of years on the northern and north western coast of western australia pearl diving began in the 1850s where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells in most cases the pearl bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving when the standard diving suit became available it was applied to pearl hunting 56 57 sponge diving is diving to collect soft natural sponges for human use as personal cleaning tools it is one of the oldest known underwater diving activities dating back to classical times and was also originally a freediving activity which later made use of the standard diving helmet 58 recreational activities edit shark cage diving further information scuba diving tourism underwater sports and freediving professional diving is done where the job is but recreational divers have the freedom to choose where they dive based on convenience cost their chosen underwater activities and the characteristics of the environment at the available dive sites many recreational divers dive mainly in their home waters but others will travel to sites where their preferences are more likely to be available scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live it includes aspects of training equipment sales rental and service guided experiences and environmental tourism 50 51 motivations to travel for scuba diving are complex and may vary considerably during the diver s development and experience participation can vary from once off to multiple dedicated trips per year over several decades the popular destinations fall into several groups including tropical reefs shipwrecks and cave systems each frequented by its own group of enthusiasts with some overlap temperate and inland open water reef sites are generally dived by people who live relatively nearby 59 60 shark tourism is a form of eco tourism that allows people to dive with sharks in their natural environment this benefits local shark populations by educating tourists and through funds raised by the shark tourism industry people can get close to the sharks by freediving or scuba diving or by entering the water in a protective cage for more aggressive species scuba activities edit see also recreational diving activities a cave diver running a reel with guide line into the overhead environment diver returning from a 600 ft 183 m dive divers at the wreck of the ss carnatic there are many recreational diving activities and several equipment and environmental specialties which require skills additional to those provided by the entry level courses these skills were originally developed by trial and error but training programmes are offered by most diver training agencies for the convenience of the diver and profit for the agency or in the case of club oriented systems for the overall benefit of the club community cave and cavern diving is underwater diving in water filled caves it may be done as an extreme sport a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation or for the search for and recovery of divers lost as a result of one of these activities the equipment used varies depending on the circumstances but almost all cave diving is done using scuba equipment often in specialised configurations with redundancies recreational cave diving is generally considered to be a type of technical diving due to the lack of a free surface during large parts of the dive and often involves planned decompression stops a distinction is made by recreational diver training agencies between cave diving and cavern diving where cavern diving is deemed to be diving in those parts of a cave where the exit to open water can be seen by natural light an arbitrary distance limit to the open water surface may also be specified 61 muck diving gets its name from the sediment that lies on the bottom at many dive sites a frequently muddy or mucky environment other than muddy sediment the muck dive substrate may consist of dead coral skeletons garbage and natural detritus the visibility is usually less than on the reef or wreck sites of the area however the sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef and the muck substrate can be the habitat for unusual exotic and juvenile organisms that are not found in the cleaner reef sites recreational diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment and usually refers to scuba diving for recreational purposes where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive and risk is considered low the equipment used for recreational diving is mostly open circuit scuba though semi closed and fully automated electronic closed circuit rebreathers may be included in the scope of recreational diving risk is managed by training the diver in a range of standardised procedures and skills appropriate to the equipment the diver chooses to use and the environment in which the diver plans to dive further experience and development of skills by practice will improve the diver s ability to dive safely specialty training is made available by the recreational diver training industry and diving clubs to increase the range of environments and venues the diver can enjoy at an acceptable level of risk reasons to dive and preferred diving activities may vary during the personal development of a recreational diver and may depend on their psychological profile and their level of dedication to the activity most divers average less than eight dives per year but some total several thousand dives over a few decades and continue diving into their 60s and 70s occasionally older recreational divers may frequent local dive sites or dive as tourists at more distant venues known for desirable underwater environments 62 59 scuba finswimming officially named immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus is underwater competitive swimming using mask monofin and underwater breathing apparatus conducted in a swimming pool while there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race 63 technical diving is recreational scuba diving that exceeds the agency specified limits of recreational diving for non professional purposes technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving and to a greater risk of serious injury or death the risk may be reduced by appropriate skills knowledge and experience and by using suitable equipment and procedures the skills may be developed through appropriate specialised training and experience the equipment often involves breathing gases other than air or standard nitrox mixtures and multiple gas sources 2 underwater citizen science is the scientific research and monitoring for projects for which members of the public collect categorize transcribe or analyze scientific data it is an increasingly popular but underutilised collaboration between society and scientific research 64 in which members of the recreational scuba diving community actively participate in marine data acquisition and recording largely by way of geolocated photographic observations collected during recreational dives but also in more structured and long term experimental work 65 underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water it is usually done while scuba diving but can also be done while diving on surface supply or freediving underwater photography can be categorised as an art form and a method for recording data successful underwater imaging is usually done with specialized equipment and techniques and it offers unusual and rare photographic opportunities and subjects underwater orienteering is a competitive underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba equipment fins a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered the competition consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water testing the competitors speed and accuracy in underwater navigation around accurately surveyed courses marked by buoys 66 underwater videography is the branch of electronic underwater photography concerned with capturing underwater moving images as a recreational diving scientific commercial documentary or filmmaking activity wreck diving is recreational diving where the wreckage of ships aircraft and other artificial structures are explored although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks there is an increasing trend to scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites the recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom some wreck diving involves penetration of the wreckage making a direct ascent to the surface impossible for a part of the dive 67 freediving activities edit freediver with monofin ascending two players competing for the puck in a game of underwater hockey main article freediving freediving is a form of underwater diving that relies on breath holding until resurfacing rather than the use of breathing apparatus such as scuba gear besides the limits of breath hold immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure also have physiological effects that limit the depths and duration possible in freediving examples of freediving activities are traditional fishing techniques competitive and non competitive freediving competitive and non competitive spearfishing and freediving photography synchronised swimming underwater football underwater rugby underwater hockey underwater target shooting and snorkeling there are also a range of competitive apnea disciplines in which competitors attempt to attain great depths times or distances on a single breath aquathlon also known as underwater wrestling is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other s ankle band to win the bout the combat takes place in a 5 metre 16 ft square ring within a swimming pool and is made up of three 30 second rounds with a fourth round played in the event of a tie 68 finswimming is an underwater competitive sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water s surface using a snorkel and with either a monofins or bifins or underwater with a monofin three of the disciplines are on breath hold and one on scuba events take place over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues 69 recreational hunting and gathering including non competitive spearfishing usually for food competitive spearfishing is the hunting and capture of fish underwater without the aid of artificial breathing devices using gear that depends entirely on the physical strength of the competitor 70 71 underwater football is a two team underwater sport is played in a swimming pool with snorkeling equipment mask snorkel and fins the goal of the game is to manoeuvre by carrying and passing a slightly negatively buoyant ball from one side of a pool to the other by players who are completely submerged underwater hockey also known as octopush in the united kingdom is a globally played limited contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team s goal by propelling it with a hockey stick or pusher a key challenge of the game is that it is played on breath hold underwater ice hockey is played upside down underneath the ice on frozen pools or ponds participants wear diving masks fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a buoyant puck competitors do not use breathing apparatus and must surface for air as required underwater rugby is an underwater team sport during a match two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball filled with saltwater into the opponents goal at the bottom of a swimming pool it has little in common with rugby football except for the name underwater target shooting is combined underwater sport and shooting sport that tests a competitors ability to accurately use a speargun in a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using freediving or apnoea technique 72 training and skills development edit main article diver training the skills of underwater diving include some skills which are only needed in an emergency these skills should be exercised sufficiently to ensure that if the emergency occurs the diver is able to deal with it promptly and effectively skills practice can be done as part of a dive for other purposes or in a dive dedicated to maintaining and developing the skills divers who do not dive sufficiently often to maintain basic skills may need to do refresher courses or checkout dive s when returning to active diving new skills may require dedicated practice to bring them up to a reliable standard 73 74 75 76 familiarisation with equipment edit new equipment or a modification to equipment configuration may affect the diver s ability to operate the equipment or respond effectively to a problem a common example is checking buoyancy control with a new diving suit buoyancy compensator cylinder configuration or weighting system or an unfamiliar model of rebreather buoyancy testing is done with the cylinders nearly empty to ensure that the diver can maintain neutral buoyancy at the end of a dive during decompression even if contingency use has depleted the reserve gas supplies in many cases testing new equipment does not require a special dive as any problems will be noticed immediately and either fixed or the dive can be safely aborted 73 74 75 76 response to an emergency edit see also diving procedures both foreseeable and not reasonably foreseeable emergencies can occur during a dive dealing with them in some way is necessary and may involve the diver in self rescue the buddy in assistance to the other buddy or the safety diver or stand by diver in assistance to the diver or divers in difficulty response to an emergency happening to someone else may lead to public safety diving team involvement special circumstances like flooded cave rescues entrapment in capsized vessels and rescues from other disasters may involve larger groups 73 74 75 76 emergency recompression edit main article in water recompression i...
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