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transactional relationships between citizens and service providers it is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community chan karin 3 april 2017 what is a smart city expatriate lifestyle archived from the original on 24 january 2018 retrieved 23 january 2018 hunt dexter rogers christopher cavada marianna 2014 smart cities contradicting definitions and unclear measures 4th world sustainability forum mdpi pp f004 doi 10 3390 wsf 4 f004 retrieved 16 march 2016 1 2 3 4 hollands r g 2008 will the real smart city please stand up city 12 3 303 320 bibcode 2008city 12 303h doi 10 1080 13604810802479126 s2cid 143073956 1 2 3 4 jennifer clark solving for the city mit technology review vol 124 no 3 may june 2021 pp 9 11 1 2 watson vanessa 6 december 2013 african urban fantasies dreams or nightmares environment and urbanization 26 1 215 231 doi 10 1177 0956247813513705 issn 0956 2478 s2cid 154398313 1 2 woyke elizabeth smart cities 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